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Workshop on High Energy Density Physics with Laser and Ion Beams
EMMI, GSI and JIHT RAS, November 21 - 22, 2008, GSI Darmstadt
A. Faenov, S. Gasilov, S. Pikuz, T. Pikuz, I. Skobelev
Applications of the PHELIX laser-produced plasma as
powerful source of X-Ray photons and fast charged
particles
OUTLINE
1. Our research team
2. Application of high-resolution x-ray emission
spectromicroscopy for investigations of plasma
produced by PHELIX laser.
3. Possible applications of the PHELIX laserproduced plasma as powerful source of X-Ray
photons and fast charged particles.
Our research team
Plasma spectroscopy team
Anatoly Faenov --- Team leader
Sergey Gasilov, Sergey Pikuz, Tatiana Pikuz experimentators,
Igor Skobelev - theoretician
 Development of X-Ray spectrometers, X-Ray optics
Fields
of
activity
1973-
 Application of X-Ray spectromicroscopy for plasma
diagnostics
(mainly hot dense plasma: laser-produced, Z- and X- pinches)
 X-Ray spectroscopy
(Identification of spectral lines, precise wavelength
measurements)
 Creation of database on atomic constants of atoms
and ions “SPECTR-W3”
(mainly wavelengths, energy levels, radiative probabilities for
multicharged ions)
 X-Ray radiography
Focusing spectrometer with spatial resolution (FSSR)
(No slit to obtain spatial resolution!)
FSSR-1D
FSSR-2D
Rowland
circle
Images
(detector) plane
b
Spherical
crystal

Spherical
crystal
bb

min
0
max

a
s’  0

z’=Ms z
a
z’=Ms z


s’ = Md s
z
Source
Source
s
s
1/a + 1/b =2/Rsin
a=R
sin 
cos 2
b = R sin 
Ms = cos 2
1/a + 1/b =2/Rsin
a = Rb / (2bsin - R)
Md =
b = Ms a
Ra  cos 2a cos   R 
R cos   a 2a  cos   R 
Ref.: A.Faenov et al., Physica Scripta, 50, 333-338 (1994); I.Skobelev et al., JETP, 81 , 692-717 (1995);
T.Pikuz et al., J.X-ray Science and Technology, 5, 517-521 (1995)
Focusing spectrometer with spatial resolution (FSSR)
(No slit to obtain spatial resolution!)
Spectral resolution up to /D ~ 20000
Spatial resolution up to Dx ~ 5 mm
Laser facility «NEODIM» (ZNIIMASH, Korolev, Russia)
Spectrometer FSSR is placed in a special vacuum
chamber
Vacuum chamber
with spectrometer
X-Ray film
Main vacuum
chamber with
target
Crystal
Laser beam
E  1 J,  = 1 ps
q  1017 - 1018 W/cm2
X-Ray radiation
FSSR
JAEA (Japan) : Ti:Sa ; 30 fs-laser
Interaction with clusters
FSSR-1D
R = 100 mm
film
CCD
Gas jet
FSSR-1D
R = 150 mm
CCD
Off-axis
parabola
FSSR-1D
Laser beam
R = 150 mm
film
January, 2003
Ref.: Y.Fukuda et al., JETP Lett., 78 (3), 146-149 (2003); J .Abdallah,Jr. et al., PRA, 68 , 063201 (2003)
Spectrometer FSSR can work with many types of detectors
X-Ray CCD
Micro
Channel
Plate
SPAM/DRECAM, Saclay, France
CELIA, Bordeaux University, France
Ref.: F.Blasco et al.,RSI ,72 (4), 1956-1962 (2001)
Ref.: P.Monot et al.,NIMA ,484, 299-311 (2002)
Types of targets used in a femtosecond experiments
Clusters
Solid
ZNIIMASH, Moscow reg., Russia
Clusters (Ø 1 nm – 1 µm)
Laser beam
Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany,
I(r)
Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
r
Saclay Laboratory, CEA, France
CELIA, Bordeaux University, France
LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, France
Target
Laser
beam
Nozzle
CNR-INFM, Politecnico, Milan, Italy
IPCF/CNR, Pisa, Italy
APRC, JAERI, Japan
Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Livermore National Laboratory, USA
University of Maryland, USA
Laser pulse:
 = 0.53 – 1 µm
E = 1 – 6000 мJ
 = 20 – 1000 fs
Q = 1015 – 2x1019 W/cm2
Single shot, f = 1 – 20 Hz
2. Application of high-resolution x-ray emission
spectromicroscopy for investigations of plasma
produced by PHELIX laser.
2. Application of high-resolution x-ray emission
spectromicroscopy for investigations of plasma
produced by PHELIX laser.
 X-ray diagnostics of temperature, density, ionization state of hightemperature plasma produced under interaction of high intense PHELIX
laser pulse with structured and homogeneous targets.

X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter.
 Observations of the fast ions generated in the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma by X-Ray spectromicroscopy methods.
 Diagnostics of MG-magnetic fields generated in the laser-produced
plasma by observations of X-Ray plasma satellites and Zeeman splitting of
X-Ray spectral lines.
2. Application of high-resolution x-ray emission
spectroscopy for investigations of plasma created by
PHELIX laser.
 X-ray diagnostics of temperature, density, ionization state of hightemperature plasma produced under interaction of high intense PHELIX
laser pulse with structured and homogeneous targets.

X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter.
 Observations of the fast ions generated in the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma by X-Ray spectroscopy methods.
 Diagnostics of MG-magnetic fields generated in the laser-produced
plasma by observations of X-Ray plasma satellites and Zeeman splitting of
X-Ray spectral lines.
Diagnostics of superdense fs- laser plasma
Laser prepulse doesn’t allow to create
superdense high-temperature plasma
What can we
do?
To increase
laser contrast
To use
«transparent»
targets
Diagnostics of superdense fs- laser plasma
LUCA Ti:Sa laser, Saclay Laboratory ( France)
 = 50 – 1100 fs, E = 4 - 40 mJ, q < 4x1017 W/cm2
Microdroplet targets:
microballoons
microspheres
aerogel
Cubic
structures with
size ~20 nm
formed by
chains
of ~3 nm SiO2grains
Diagnostics of superdense fs- laser plasma
Measured values of plasma parameters
Laser pulse
Plasma
№
Energy, mJ
Duration, fs
Flux, W/cm2
Te, eV
Ne, cm-3
1
34
54
3,6.1017
900
4,4.1024
5
23
54
2,4.1017
700
2,2.1024
2
39
110
2.1017
900
2,2.1024
6
11
55
1,1.1017
600
(1-1,5).1024
3
36
500
4,1.1016
800
8.1023
4
28
1100
1,4.1016
600
6,2.1023
6.2.1023 cm-3 – electron density of SiO2-airogel
We suggest in the frame of the EMMI project:
Using aerogel targets and ultrahigh PHELIX flux of
1019-1020 W/cm2 obtain high temperature plasma with
higher density then was observed before and measure its
temperature, density and ionization state
1. Application of high-resolution x-ray emission
spectroscopy for investigations of plasma created by
PHELIX laser.
 X-ray diagnostics of temperature, density, ionization state of hightemperature plasma created under interaction of high intense PHELIX laser
pulse with structured and homogeneous targets.

X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter.
 Observations of the fast ions generated in the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma by X-Ray spectroscopy methods.
 Diagnostics of MG-magnetic fields generated in the laser-produced
plasma by observations of X-Ray plasma satellites and Zeeman splitting of
X-Ray spectral lines.
X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter
Warm plasma
Tewarm ~ 1 - 30 eV
Hot plasma
Tehot ~ 200 – 1000 eV
Hot
electrons
K lines
of ions with small charges
to spectrometer
Directly measured quantity – plasma ionization state;
Tewarm can be defined
X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter
X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter
Te= 1 eV
Te= 10 eV
Te= 20 eV
X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter
Te=30 eV
Te=50 eV
Te=100 eV
Livermore experiment
X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter
Te=20 eV
Te=18 eV
Te=15 eV
X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter
We suggest in the frame of the EMMI project:
Using ultrahigh laser fluxes ~ 1019-1020 W/cm2
increase spectral brightness and find which excited
levels can exist in the nonideal plasma by mean of
registration K, Kb, Kg,… spectral lines
1. Application of high-resolution x-ray emission
spectroscopy for investigations of plasma
created by PHELIX laser.
 X-ray diagnostics of temperature, density, ionization state of hightemperature plasma created under interaction of high intense PHELIX laser
pulse with structured and homogeneous targets.

X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter.
 Observations of the fast ions generated in the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma by X-Ray spectroscopy methods.
 Diagnostics of MG-magnetic fields generated in the laser-produced
plasma by observations of X-Ray plasma satellites and Zeeman splitting of
X-Ray spectral lines.
Observations of the fast ions. Solid target.
Target (CF2)n
Ti:Sa laser (Saclay)
las=60 fs, qlas=4x1018
W/cm2
Plasma
Y
X
to the 1st spectrograph
to the 2nd spectrograph
1 mm
Y
1 mm
X
F VIII
I, a.u.
He1 He2
Ly F IX
wavelength, 
F VIII
I, a.u.
Heg
Heb
Ly F IX
Exp(-E/ 2.8 Mev)
wavelength, 
Observations of the fast ions. Solid target.
UHI-10 Ti:Sa laser, Saclay :
λ las=0.8 µm,  las=60 fs
Heg FVIII
Heb F VIII
Ly F IX
qlas=4.0.1018 W/cm2
qlas=2.6.1018 W/cm2
Heg FVIII
Heb F VIII
Ly F IX
Observations of the fast ions. Cluster target.
Ti:Sa laser, τ~ 35 fs, q ~ 1017 W/cm2 (CELIA, Bordeaux University, France)
Ti:Sa laser, τ~ 60 fs, q ~ 1018 W/cm2 (LUCA laser, Saclay, CEA, France)
Exp(-E/ 1.2 Mev)
Observations of the fast ions
We suggest in the frame of the EMMI project:
Use ultrahigh fluxes ~ 1019-1020 W/cm2 and aerogel
or cluster targets in order to increase quantity and
energy of the fast ions, and to produce uniform
flux in the whole solid angle 4π
(for ion- and protonography applications)
1. Application of high-resolution x-ray emission
spectroscopy for investigations of plasma
created by PHELIX laser.
 X-ray diagnostics of temperature, density, ionization state of hightemperature plasma created under interaction of high intense PHELIX laser
pulse with structured and homogeneous targets.

X-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter.
 Observations of the fast ions generated in the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma by X-Ray spectroscopy methods.
 Diagnostics of MG-magnetic fields generated in the laser-produced
plasma by observations of X-Ray plasma satellites and Zeeman splitting of
X-Ray spectral lines.
Diagnostics of MG-magnetic fields
generated in the laser-produced plasma by
observations of X-Ray plasma satellites
Theoretical profiles of Lyα line of F
S-1
IX ions interacted in plasma with
S+1
S-2
S-1
S+1
9
electric field E0cos(ωt)
8
Ti=100 eV, Ne=2x1020 cm-3 ,ω=1015 s-1
7
5 – E0= 109 V/cm
6
6 – E0= 7x108 V/cm
S+2 5
7 – E0= 6x108 V/cm
8 - E0= 5x108 V/cm
 (Å)
9 – E0= 4x108 V/cm
Intensity ( a.u .)
X-Ray plasma satellites
Nd glass laser “NEODIM”:
E ~ 1.7 J
 ~ 1.5 ps,
d ~ 15 mm
I ~ 3x1017 W/cm2
(ZNIIMASH, Korolev)
Theoretical profile
.
 (Å)
Theoretical profile modeled for following parameters: Ti = 100 eV, Ne =2x1020
cm-3, ω=1014 s-1, E0=6x108 V/cm
.
Parameters of the oscillating electric field deduced
from the spectroscopic measurements:
  (0.7  1) 1015 s -1 , E0  (4  6) 108 V/cm
Laser field frequency:
las  1.8 1015 s -1
Possible mechanisms for the generation of the oscillating electric
field
(1) Electron Langmuir oscillations at plasma frequency
 pe  4e2 Ne / me ;
N e ~ (1  2) 1020 сm-3
(2) Bernstein modes at electron cyclotron frequency
ce  eB /( mec)
Estimation for the generated magnetic field
ce  0.8 1015 s -1
B ≈ 5 × 107 G
Diagnostics of MG-magnetic fields
We suggest in the frame of the EMMI project:
Provide diagnostic of the ultraintense
magnetic field using
1) Zeeman splitting of the X-ray spectral lines
2) Observation of the plasma satellites
2. Possible applications of the PHELIX laserproduced plasma as powerful source of XRay photons and fast charged particles
 Optimization of X-ray yield from plasma of nano-structured targets
irradiated by short intense laser pulses;
 Development of diagnostic methods using X-Ray monochromatic
backlighter techniques for obtaining absorption images;
 Registration of the X-Ray phase-contrast images of nano-structured
objects with the help of XUV-radiation of the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma;
 X-ray spectroscopy of multicharged ions – new spectra observation,
identifications, precision wavelength measurements;
 Laser-produced plasma in external magnetic field –modeling of
astrophysical processes.
2. Possible applications of the PHELIX laserproduced plasma as powerful source of XRay photons and fast charged particles
 Optimization of X-ray yield from plasma of nano-structured targets
irradiated by short intense laser pulses
 Development of diagnostic methods using monochromatic X-Ray
backlighter techniques for obtaining absorption images.
 Registration of the X-Ray phase-contrast images of nano-structured
objects with the help of XUV-radiation of the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma
 X-ray spectroscopy of multicharged ions – new spectra observation,
identifications, precision wavelength measurements
 Laser-produced plasma in external magnetic field –modeling of
astrophysical processes
Development of diagnostic methods
using X-Ray backlighter techniques
Target
LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, France
2. Possible applications of the PHELIX laserproduced plasma as powerful source of XRay photons and fast charged particles
 Optimization of X-ray yield from plasma of nano-structured targets
irradiated by short intense laser pulses
 Development of diagnostic methods using X-Ray backlighter
techniques a of X-Ray images.
 Registration of the X-Ray phase-contrast images of nano-structured
objects with the help of XUV-radiation of the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma
 X-ray spectroscopy of multicharged ions – new spectra observation,
identifications, precision wavelength measurements
 Laser-produced plasma in external magnetic field –modeling of
astrophysical processes
Registration of the X-Ray phase-contrast images of nanostructured objects
Nanometer thick objects,
low Z materials, biological samples :
100 nm thick parylene foil;
spider web.
Polytechnico di Milano, Italy
KPSI, JAEA, Japan
Registration of the X-Ray phase-contrast images of
nano-structured objects
Detector position
In contact
Swirl
5 mm
Between source
and detector
Phase contrast:
Polytechnico di Milano, Italy
Experiment
Intensity
profiles
Modeling
Registration of the X-Ray phase-contrast images of nanostructured objects
1.Source size
and geometry
measurements
2.Verification of
the spectrum
calculation
calc
exp
KPSI, JAEA, Japan
Registration of the monochromatic X-Ray phase-contrast
images of nano-structured objects
We can combine X-ray source with spherical crystals to obtain
monochromatic phase contrast images.
Spherical crystal
p
a


q
X-ray source
q´
Object
d
ft
Rowland circle
Image
Image analysis:
Phase retrieval,
Microtomography?
fs
1/p + 1/q = 2/R sin
1/p + 1/q’ = 2 sin/R
d = (q’q – q2 )/(q’+q)  Ms = Mt
Ref.: T. Pikuz et al.,LPB ,19, 285-293 (2001); M.Sanchez del Rio et al., RSI ,72 (8), 3291-3303 (2001)
XCIM: monochromatic image of biological object ( =
45) with spatial resolution about 5 µm
XeCl laser (1.3 J, 10 ns, I ~ 1012 W/cm2)
Target: Ni+Cr
Wavelength 14.1 Å
Crystal : Mica, R = 80 mm,
( I order of reflection)
L’Aquila University,
ENEA, Frascati, Italy
Ref.: T. Pikuz et al.,LPB ,19, 285-293 (2001); M.Sanchez del Rio et al., RSI ,72 (8), 3291-3303 (2001)
2. Possible applications of the PHELIX laserproduced plasma as powerful source of XRay photons and fast charged particles
 Optimization of X-ray yield from plasma of nano-structured targets
irradiated by short intense laser pulses
 Development of diagnostic methods using X-Ray backlighter
techniques.
 Registration of the X-Ray phase-contrast images of nano-structured
objects with the help of XUV-radiation of the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma
 X-ray spectroscopy of multicharged ions – new spectra observation,
identifications, precision wavelength measurements
 Laser-produced plasma in external magnetic field –modeling of
astrophysical processes
X-ray spectroscopy of multicharged ions –
new spectra observation, identifications,
precise wavelength measurements.
Example: spectral lines of hollow ions
1.2
2p-1s (Ly H-like Si XIV)
2l2-1s2l
2l3-1s2l2
2l4-1s2l3
Ly
Si
He
1
Hollow ions
0.8
0.6
2l5-1s2l4
2l6-1s2l5
2l7-1s2l6
2l8-1s2l7
0.4
0.2
0
0
2p1s-1s2 (He He-like Si XIII)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

2. Possible applications of the PHELIX laserproduced plasma as powerful source of XRay photons and fast charged particles
 Optimization of X-ray yield from plasma of nano-structured targets
irradiated by short intense laser pulses
 Development of diagnostic methods using X-Ray backlighter
techniques.
 Registration of the X-Ray phase-contrast images of nano-structured
objects with the help of XUV-radiation of the PHELIX laser-produced
plasma
 X-ray spectroscopy of multicharged ions – new spectra observation,
identifications, precision wavelength measurements
 Laser-produced plasma jets shock waves colliding and expansion in
the external magnetic field – modeling of astrophysical processes
Observation of radiation properties of expanding laser plasma jets
colliding with solid screen
FSSR-2D
FSSR-1D
800 mm
800 mm
300 mm
Shock wave
radiation
Heb Mg XI
Heb Mg XI (=7.85 Å)
Needle
Laser beam
Shock wave
radiation
Target
Ng:glass laser (  = 1.06 mm,  = 15 ns, E =5 J)
Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
Laser-produced plasma in external magnetic
field –modeling of astrophysical processes
B
В=0
В = 10 Тесла
Mg
FSSR-2D
FSSR-1D
IFPILM, Warsaw, Poland
Conclusion
Forthcoming tasks
Devices and methods
High resolution spectrographs
Spherically bent crystals
Modeling of spectra
Backlighting schemes
Absorption and phase contrast
Create and study of
Super dense plasma
Hot dense plasma
Warm dense plasma
Effective sources for
ion- and protonography
Images of nanothin foils and
biological samples
Measurement of MG magnetic fields
Monocromatic imaging of
shock waves and plasma jets
Modeling of astrophysical
phenomena in laboratory
Investigation of new spectroscopy
phenomena