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Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong. Murphy’s Law Transboundary Aquatic Animal Diseases Caused by biological agents Highly contagious Often spread rapidly and cause high morbidity/mortality in naïve populations May be new or emerging diseases Usually require drastic measures to eliminate from aquaculture systems and are impossible or difficult to eradicate once established in wild populations Recent TAADs: Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Global Distribution of KHV UK (1996, 1998, 2002, 2008), Germany (1997, 2001, 2002, 2003), Belgium (1999), Netherlands (2002), Denmark (2002), Austria (2001), Slovenia (2008) Japan (2003) Taiwan (2002) China (2002) USA Israel (1998, 1999) (1998) Thailand (2004) Malaysia (2000, 2001, 2007 ??) Indonesia (2002) Koi Herpes Virus Classical example of a disease originating in an ornamental fish (koi) that spread to cultured foodfish (comon carp) and wild fisheries. Strong evidence of the importance of ornamental fish as vectors for TAADs (+ SVC, ranaviruses, parasites, bacteria In most countries, the ornamental fish trade is poorly regulated. Assumptions (based on species & end use) that the ornamental trade does not involve risk of disease transfer are not supported by practical experience. Recent TAADs: White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) WSSV is the most serious pathogen of cultivated shrimp in the world Major pathways are through movement of infected postlarvae and broodstock Shrimp viral disease epidemics show the distance & speed that aquatic animal pathogens can be spread by poor aquaculture practices Recent TAADs: White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Shrimp viral disease epidemics also show: The time lags between: disease appearance, its characterization, the development of reliable diagnostics tests, its listing by the OIE & other international actions. The Asian Pandemic 1993 1993 1991/2 1993 1999 1993 1994 From Dr. P. Walker, CSIRO, Australia 9 Emergence & Spread of WSSV in the Americas 1996 1997 1995 2000 2000 1999 1999 1999 Global Movements of Live Shrimp Hawaii Tahiti From Prof. Donald Lightner, UOA 11 Global Distribution of WSSV North America USA Mexico Latin America Colombia Ecuador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Peru Brazil Costa Rica El Salvador Middle East Iran South Asia Bangladesh India Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Viet Nam East Asia P.R. China Japan Taiwan POC South Korea 12 Recent TAADS: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome 1971 - first described in Japan as an Aphanomyces (fungal) infection by Egusa and Masuda (1971) mycotic granulomatosis (MG) 1972 - epizootic cutaneous ulcerative syndrome in estuarine fishes in Australia red spot disease (RSD) since 1978 - USA ulcerative menhaden disease (UM) 1985 - major outbreaks since 1985 in Asia Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) infected with mycotic granulomatosis in Japan EUS affected farmed silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) from Eastern Australia Snakehead (Channa sp.) in the Philippines (1985) showing typical EUS lesions ‘ Wild mullet (brackishwater) in the Philippines infected with EUS 14 1971 1989 1996 1989 1983 1991 1988 1984 1985 1981 1983 1987 Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) spread 1972-1996 1984 1979 1980 Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam 1972 15 EUS in Africa: 2006 16 Global Distribution of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome USA since 1978 Africa: since 2006 Asia: since 1971 Some Estimates of Losses due to Finfish Diseases 1983 1989 Indonesia Thailand 1990/92 1990 1994-98 2002 China Malaysia Japan Indonesia Japan Norway Canada Annually Annually Lernaea cyprinacea US$ 11.4 M Seabass diseases US$ 0.8 M Grouper diseases US$ 1.07 M Bacterial diseases US$ 120 M Vibriosis US$ 7.4 M Marine fish diseases US$ 114.4 M KHV US$ 15 M KHV US$ 1.4 M ISA US$ 11 M ISA US$ 14 M KHV = koi herpes virus, ISA = infectious salmon anemia Some Estimates of Losses due to Shrimp Diseases 1992 Thailand 1993 China Viet Nam 1994 Thailand India 1998 Australia 1999 Ecuador 1999 Panama Global Estimate: YHD US$ 30.6 M Shrimp Diseases US$ 420 M MBV, WSD,YHD US$ 100 M YHD,WSD US$ 650 M WSD US$ 17.5 M Shrimp diseases US$ 32.5 M WSD US$ 280.5 M WSD US$ 40 M US$ 3.019 Billion YHD – Yellowhead Disease; MBV – Monodon Baculovirus; WSD – White Spot Disease Impacts of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) shrimp (bacterial aetiology) Viet Nam 39000 hectares of shrimp farming areas (2010-2011) affected main shrimp producing provinces of VN Malaysia: USD 0.1 B (2011) Global Aquaculture Alliance estimate: USD 1 B Private sector: drop in profit between 50-70% Trade: suspension or ban of importation of live shrimp or all forms of shrimp products from countries with EMS