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Biology
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
Earth as an Island
Earth as an Island
All organisms on Earth share a limited resource
base and depend on it for their long-term survival.
To protect these resources, we need to understand
how humans interact with the biosphere.
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
Human Activities
What types of human activities can affect
the biosphere?
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
Human Activities
Some human activities that affect the
biosphere include:
• hunting and gathering
• agriculture
• industry
• urban development
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
Agriculture
The Green Revolution
The green revolution was an effort in the midtwentieth century to increase global food
production through modern plant breeding and
agricultural techniques.
Over the last 50 years, the green revolution has
helped world food production double.
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
Agriculture
Challenges for the Future
While increasing world food supplies, modern
agriculture has created ecological challenges. For
example:
• Monoculture leads to problems with insect
pests and diseases.
• Finding enough water for irrigation is difficult.
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
Industrial Growth and Urban
Development
Industrial Growth and Urban Development
Human society and its impact on the biosphere
were transformed by the Industrial Revolution,
which added machines and factories to civilization.
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
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6-1 A Changing Landscape
Industrial Growth and Urban
Development
The energy to power machinery comes mostly
from fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas.
Suburban growth consumes farmland and stresses
native plants and animals.
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6-1
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6-1
Today, the most important source of
environmental change on the planet is
a. the green revolution.
b. wild plants.
c. humans.
d. abiotic factors.
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6-1
The practice of planting a single crop in the
same place year after year is called
a. uniculture.
b. monoculture.
c. the green revolution.
d. plant breeding.
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6-1
One problem with modern agriculture is that
a. chemical fertilizers don’t work.
b. chemical pesticides can damage beneficial
insects.
c. it has decreased world food production.
d. new varieties of plants require little water.
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6-1
One impact of early hunting and gathering
groups in North America might have been
a. changing the climate from very cold to much
warmer.
b. the elimination of forests.
c. a mass extinction of large mammals about
12,000 years ago.
d. the development of large civilizations in
Central and South America.
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6-1
Most of the energy for industry comes from
a. the sun.
b. nuclear power plants.
c. moving water.
d. fossil fuels.
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6-2 Renewable and
Nonrenewable Resources
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Classifying Resources
–How are environmental
resources classified?
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Classifying Resources
• Classifying Resources
–Environmental goods and
services may be classified as
either renewable or
nonrenewable.
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• Renewable resources can
Classifying Resources
regenerate if they are alive,
or can be replenished by
biochemical cycles if they
are nonliving.
• A tree is an example of a
renewable resource
because a new tree can be
planted in place of an old
tree that dies or is cut
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• A nonrenewable resource is
Classifying Resources
one that cannot be
replenished by natural
processes.
• Fossil fuels such as coal,
oil, and natural gas are
nonrenewable resources.
Once these fuels are
depleted, they are gone
forever.
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Sustainable Development
–What effects do human
activities have on natural
resources?
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Sustainable Development
–Human activities can affect the
quality and supply of renewable
resources such as land, forests,
fisheries, air, and fresh water.
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• Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
• Sustainable development is a way of
using natural resources without depleting
them, and of providing for human needs
without causing long-term environmental
harm.
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• Land Resources
Land Resources
• Land provides space for human
communities and raw materials for
industry. Land also includes the soils in
which crops are grown.
• If managed properly, soil is a
renewable resource.
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• Food crops grow best in
Land Resources
fertile soil—a mixture of
sand, clay, rock particles,
and humus (material from
decayed organisms).
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• Soil erosion is the wearing
Land Resources
away of surface soil by
water and wind.
• Plowing the land removes
the roots that hold the soil
in place, and therefore
increases the rate of soil
erosion.
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• Desertification is the
Land Resources
process by which
productive areas are turned
into deserts.
• Desertification is caused by
a combination of farming,
overgrazing, and drought.
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• A variety of sustainableLand Resources
development practices can
prevent problems such as
soil erosion and
desertification.
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–Sustainable-development
Land Resources
practices include:
• contour plowing—fields are plowed
across the slope of the land to reduce
erosion
• leaving stems and roots of the previous
year's crop in place to help hold the soil
• planting a field with rye rather than
leaving it unprotected from erosion
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• Forest Resources
Forest Resources
• Earth’s forests are an important
resource for the products they provide and
for the ecological functions they perform.
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Forest Resources
• Forests:
•
provide wood for products and fuel.
•
remove carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
•
store nutrients.
•
provide habitats and food for organisms.
•
moderate climate.
•
limit soil erosion.
•
protect freshwater supplies.
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• Whether a forest can be
Forest Resources
considered a renewable
resource depends partly on
the type of forest.
• Temperate forests of the
Northeast are renewable
because they have been
logged and have grown
back naturally.
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• Old-growth forests, such as
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–Deforestation
Forest Resources
• Loss of forests, or deforestation, has
several effects:
•
Erosion can wash away nutrients in
the topsoil.
•
Grazing or plowing can permanently
change local soils and microclimates,
which prevents the regrowth of trees.
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–Forest Management
Forest Resources
• Mature trees can be harvested
selectively to promote the growth of
younger trees and preserve the forest
ecosystem.
• Tree geneticists are breeding new,
faster-growing trees that produce highquality wood.
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• Fishery Resources
Fishery Resources
• Fishes and other animals that live in water
are a valuable source of food.
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–Overfishing
Fishery Resources
• Overfishing, or harvesting fish faster
than they can be replaced by
reproduction, has greatly reduced the
amount of fish in parts of the world’s
oceans.
• Until recently, fisheries seemed to be a
renewable resource, but overfishing has
limited that resource.
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–Sustainable Development
Fishery Resources
• The U.S. National Marine Fisheries
Service has issued guidelines that specify
how many fish, and of what size, can be
caught in various parts of the oceans.
• The regulations have helped fish
populations recover.
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Fishery Resources
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Fishery Resources
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–Aquaculture
Fishery Resources
• The raising of aquatic animals for
human consumption, which is called
aquaculture, is also helping to sustain
fish resources.
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Air Resources
• Air Resources
•
The condition of the air affects people’s health.
• Smog is a mixture of chemicals that occurs as
a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere.
•
Smog is:
•
due to automobile exhausts and industrial
emissions.
•
considered a pollutant because it threatens
people’s health.
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Air Resources
• A pollutant is a harmful material
that can enter the biosphere
through the land, air, or water.
• The burning of fossil fuels can
release pollutants that cause
smog and other problems in the
atmosphere.
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• Strict automobile emissions
Air Resources
standards and clean-air
regulations have improved
air quality in many cities,
but air pollution is still a
problem.
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• Many combustion
Air Resources
processes release nitrogen
and sulfur compounds into
the atmosphere.
• These compounds combine
with water vapor to form
acid rain.
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• Formation of Acid Rain
Air Resources
Chemical Transformation
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Emissions to Atmosphere
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Condensation
Dry Fallout Precipitation
Particulates
Acid rain,
Gases fog, snow,
and mist
Ore
Industry
Transportation
Power
smelti generat
ng
ion
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• Acid rain kills plants by
Air Resources
damaging their leaves and
changing the chemistry of
soils and standing-water
ecosystems.
• Acid rain may dissolve and
releases toxic elements,
such as mercury, from the
soil, freeing the elements to
enter other portions of the
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• Freshwater Resources
Freshwater Resources
• Americans use billions of liters of fresh
water daily for everything from drinking
and washing to watering crops and
making steel.
• Although water is a renewable
resource, the total supply of fresh water is
limited and is threatened by pollution.
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Forest Resources
• Sources of pollution include:
•
improperly discarded chemicals that enter
streams and rivers.
•
wastes discarded on land that seep through
soil and enter underground water supplies.
•
domestic sewage containing compounds that
encourage growth of algae and bacteria.
•
sewage containing microorganisms that
spread disease.
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–Sustainable Use of Water
Freshwater Resources
• One way to ensure the sustainable use
of water is to protect the natural systems
involved in the water cycle that help purify
water.
•
•
•
•
These include:
wetlands
forests
other vegetation
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•
Also, by conserving water in:
Freshwater
• homeResources
•
•
industry
agriculture
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6-2
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6-2
–Which of the following is a
nonrenewable resource?
•
trees
•
grasses used by grazing animals
•
oxygen in the air
•
fossil fuels
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6-2
–Which of the following is a
sustainable-use strategy
that can help prevent
desertification?
•
contour plowing
•
protecting wetlands
•
aquaculture
•
selective harvesting of trees
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6-2
–The advantage of
sustainable development is
that it
• provides for human needs without
depleting natural resources.
•
produces additional fossil fuels.
• protects wildlife from hunters and other
threats.
• is a natural process that regulates
itself.
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6-2
–A mixture of chemicals
that occurs as a haze in the
atmosphere is known as
•
smog.
•
acid rain.
•
particulates.
•
fog.
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6-2
–Plowing the land removes
the roots that hold the soil
in place and increases the
rate of
•
pollution.
•
soil erosion.
•
deforestation.
•
soil formation.
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6-3 Biodiversity
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• The Value of Biodiversity
The Value of Biodiversity
• Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is
the sum total of the genetically based
variety of all organisms in the biosphere.
• Ecosystem diversity includes the
variety of habitats, communities, and
ecological processes in the living world.
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• Species The
diversity
is of
the
Value
number Biodiversity
of different species
in the biosphere.
• Genetic diversity is the sum
total of all the different
forms of genetic
information carried by all
organisms living on Earth
today.
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The Value of
Biodiversity
–Why is biodiversity
important?
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The Value of Biodiversity
–Biodiversity is one of
Earth's greatest natural
resources.
–Species of many kinds
have provided us with
foods, industrial products,
and medicines—including
painkillers, antibiotics,
heart drugs,
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Threats to
Biodiversity
–What are the current
threats to biodiversity?
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• Threats to Biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
–Human activity can reduce
biodiversity by:
•
altering habitats
•
hunting species to extinction
• introducing toxic compounds into
food webs
• introducing foreign species to new
environments
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• Extinction
occurstowhen a
Threats
species Biodiversity
disappears from all
or part of its range.
• A species whose
population size is declining
in a way that places it in
danger of extinction is
called an endangered
species.
• As the population of an
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Habitat Alteration
• Habitat Alteration
• When land is developed, natural habitats may
be destroyed.
• Development often splits ecosystems into
pieces, a process called habitat fragmentation.
• The smaller a species’ habitat is, the more
vulnerable the species is to further disturbance.
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• Demand for Wildlife
Demand for Wildlife Products
Products
• Throughout history, humans have
pushed some animal species to extinction
by hunting them for food or other
products.
• Today, in the U.S., endangered
species are protected from hunting.
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• The Convention
Demandon
for
International
Trade in
Wildlife
Endangered
Species,
Products
CITES, bans international
trade in products derived
from endangered species.
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• Pollution
Pollution
• Many forms of pollution can threaten
biodiversity.
• One of the most serious problems
occurs when toxic compounds accumulate
in the tissues of organisms.
• DDT, one of the first pesticides, is a
good example of this.
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• For a long time DDT was considered
harmless, and it drained into rivers and
Pollution
streams in low concentrations.
• However, DDT has two hazardous
properties:
•
It is nonbiodegradable, which means
that it cannot be broken down by
organisms.
•
Once DDT is picked up by organisms,
it cannot be eliminated from their bodies.
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• When DDT
enters food
Pollution
webs, it undergoes
biological magnfication.
• In biological magnification,
concentrations of a harmful
substance increase in
organisms at higher trophic
levels in a food chain or
food web.
• In 1962, biologist Rachel
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Pollution
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
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Pollution
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
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Pollution
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
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Pollution
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
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Pollution
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
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Pollution
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
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• The widespread
use of DDT
Pollution
threatened populations of
many animals—especially
fish-eating birds like the
bald eagle—with extinction.
• By the early 1970s, DDT
was banned in the U.S. and
in most other industrialized
countries; as a result,
affected bird populations
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• Introduced Species
Introduced Species
• Another threat to biodiversity comes
from plants and animals that humans
transport around the world either
accidentally or intentionally.
• Invasive species are introduced
species that reproduce rapidly because
their new habitat lacks the predators that
would control their population.
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• Hundreds
of invasive
Introduced
species—including
Species zebra
mussels in the Great Lakes
and the leafy spurge across
the Northern Great Plains—
are already causing
ecological problems in the
United States.
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• Conserving Biodiversity
Conserving Biodiversity
• Conservation is the wise management of
natural resources, including the
preservation of habitats and wildlife.
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• Strategies for Conservation
Conserving Biodiversity
Many conservation efforts are aimed at
managing individual species to keep them
from becoming extinct.
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Conserving
Biodiversity
–What is the goal of
conservation biology?
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Conserving
Biodiversity
–Conservation efforts focus on
protecting entire ecosystems as
well as single species.
–Protecting an ecosystem will
ensure that the natural habitats
and the interactions of many
different species are preserved at
the same time.
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–Conservation Challenges
Conserving Biodiversity
• Protecting resources for the future can
require people to change the way they
earn their living today.
• Conservation regulations must be
informed by solid research and must try to
maximize benefits while minimizing
economic costs.
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6-3
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6-3
–The type of biodiversity
that includes the
inheritance information
carried by the Earth’s
organisms is called
•
biological magnification.
•
ecological diversity.
•
genetic diversity.
•
species diversity.
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6-3
– Populations of invasive
species tend to
•
decrease.
•
increase rapidly.
•
remain constant.
•
increase, then decrease.
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6-3
– The wise management of
natural resources, including
the preservation of habitats
and wildlife, is known as
•
biodiversity.
•
conservation.
•
habitat alteration.
•
ecosystem diversity.
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6-3
– By focusing on
protecting specific
ecosystems, biologists
hope to preserve
•
global biodiversity.
•
biological magnification.
•
invasive species.
•
habitat fragmentation.
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6-3
–In a food pyramid,
biological magnification
results in the
• increased amount of a toxic substance
in organisms at the lowest level.
• increased amount of a toxic substance
in organisms at the highest level.
• decreased number of levels in the food
pyramid.
• increased amount of a toxic substance
in the surrounding air or water.
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6-4 Charting a Course
for the Future
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Ozone Depletion
What are two types of
global change of concern to
biologists?
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6-4 Charting a Course
for the Future
Researchers are gathering data to monitor and
evaluate the effects of human activities on
important systems in the biosphere. Two of these
systems are:
•
the ozone layer high in the atmosphere
•
the global climate system
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Exposure to UV can:
Ozone Depletion
•
cause cancer
•
damage eyes
• decrease organisms' resistance to
disease
• damage plant leaf tissue and
phytoplankton in the oceans
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Ozone Depletion
Early Evidence
In the 1970s, scientists discovered a hole in
the ozone layer over Antarctica.
After it was first discovered, the ozone hole
grew larger.
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One Solution
Ozone Depletion
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) were once widely
used:
•
•
as propellants in aerosol cans
•
in the production of plastic foams
as coolant in refrigerators, freezers, and air
conditioners
The U.S. and other nations began reducing
the use of CFCs in 1987, and eventually banned
them.
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Ozone Depletion
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Global Climate Change
Global Climate Change
The term used to describe the
increase in the average
temperature of the biosphere is
global warming.
One sign of global warming is
melting polar ice.
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Global Climate Change
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Global Climate Change
Evidence of Global Warming
The geological record shows that Earth’s
climate has changed repeatedly during its history.
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The Value of a Healthy
Biosphere
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The Value of a Healthy
Biosphere
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6-4
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6-4
An increase in the average
temperature of the
biosphere is called
•
the greenhouse effect.
•
global warming.
•
ozone depletion.
•
climate control.
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6-4
The geological record
indicates that Earth’s
climate has
• remained essentially the same
throughout history.
• been constant until humans have
influenced the environment.
•
changed dramatically every 150 years.
•
repeatedly changed over its history.
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6-4
A possible effect of global
warming is
•
extinction of organisms in areas
where they once thrived.
•
an increase in global surface
temperature of 20 Celsius degrees.
•
a sharp decrease in the
temperature of the waters off the
coast of California.
•
complete elimination of the
protective ozone layer in the
atmosphere.
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6-4
Depletion of Earth’s
protective ozone layer
results in
• a decrease in the amount of heat that
reaches the surface.
• a decrease in the amount of UV
radiation that reaches the surface.
•
an increase in the amount of rainfall.
• an increase in the amount of UV
radiation that reaches the surface.
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6-4
The most likely cause of
ozone depletion is the
•
addition of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere.
•
increase in UV radiation from the
sun.
•
addition of chemicals developed
for use in refrigeration and aerosol
cans.
•
increase in the amount of smog
produced by automobiles.
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