Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” • To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. • From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. • From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Chapter Presentation Transparencies Visual Concepts Standardized Test Prep Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Biochemistry Table of Contents Section 1 Carbon Compounds Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Objectives • Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. • Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules. • Identify functional groups in biological molecules. • Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down. • Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Carbon Bonding • Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things; also have carbon – hydrogen bonds • Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms. – Carbon dioxide is an exception (it is inorganic) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Carbon Bonding, continued • Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. • The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Carbon Bonding Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Functional Groups… • … are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and chemical reactions in which the molecules participate. • Examples… – Hydroxyl group (OH) – Carboxyl group (COOH) – Amino group (NH2) – Phosphate group (PO4) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Large Carbon Molecules • Condensation reactions… – join monomers (small simple molecules) to form polymers. • Releases water as a by-product. • Hydrolysis reaction, – water is used to split polymers into monomers. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Energy Currency • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Comparing ADP and ATP QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Objectives • Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides. • Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure. • Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action. • Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids. • Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • There is a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to every one oxygen atom in carbohydrates • Over all ratio of one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom (1:2:1). • Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • The ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 1:2:1 • The general formula is (CH2O)n – n = any whole number from 3 to 8 – (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates, continued • Monosaccharides – Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Common monosaccharides • Glucose (C6H12O6): found in many cells, used for energy • Fructose (C6H12O6): found in fruits • Galactose (C6H12O6) : found in milk Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Isomers: the same molecular formula but different structural formulas… …Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all isomers (C6H12O6) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates, continued • Disaccharides… – two monosaccharides join by a condensation reaction to form a double sugar called a disaccharide. – Fructose + glucose sucrose + H2O – Glucose + glucose maltose + H2O – Galactose + glucose lactose + H2O Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Disaccharides Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued • Polysaccharides… – A complex sugar, called a polysaccharide – Formed by a condensation reaction between three or more monosaccharides. • glucose + glucose + glucose glycogen + 2 H2O • Glycogen is called animal starch – It is stored as an energy reserve in our liver and muscles. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Carbohydrates, continued • Plants form … …starch (a highly branched chain) from glucose …cellulose (an unbranched chain) from glucose. – Cellulose makes up 50% of the composition of wood. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins • Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. – They have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles. • Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. – There are about 20 different amino acids found in nature. – They have a central carbon atom covalently bonded to four other atoms or functional groups. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins, continued • Amino Acids – The “R” group causes the differences in amino acids and determines the chemical properties of each amino acid. • The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function. • The shape of the protein determines its function Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Amino Acid Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins, continued • Dipeptides and Polypeptides – Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide. – Dipeptides form through condensation reactions – Peptide bonds are covalent • A long chain (3 or more) of amino acids is called a polypeptide. • They can be bent & folded to form different types of proteins. • They can combine w / other polypeptides to form different types of proteins. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Structure of Proteins Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Enzymes • • • These are proteins that act as catalysts. Cellular functions depend on enzymes. The lock and key model of enzyme reactions is based upon the shape of the enzyme along with the shape of the reactant (substrate). Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Enzymes (cont.) • The enzyme and substrate link together. – Enzyme breaks covalent bonds of the substrate which produces new products. – Enzyme itself does not change. The cell uses it over and over again. • Temperature and pH can speed up, slow down, or stop an enzymatic reaction. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Enzyme Activity Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Fats Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids • Lipids are nonpolar, organic macromolecules that do not dissolve in water • Lipids have large numbers of carbon-hydrogen bonds. These bonds store large amounts of energy • Lipids are an important part of cell membranes. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids, continued • Fatty Acids – Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon chain molecules – A carboxyl group, -COOH, is attached at one end of the fatty acid – Carboxyl groups are polar and attracted to water. (Hydrophilic) means water loving. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued • The other end of a fatty acid is composed of hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are nonpolar & hydrophobic (means water fearing) Not attracted to water. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Fatty Acids Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids, continued • Triglycerides – Triglyceride: composed of three fatty acids joined to an alcohol molecule called glycerol by a condensation reaction – Saturated triglycerides: animal fats – High melting points: solid at room temperature – Unsaturated triglycerides: plant oils – Low melting points: liquid at room temperature Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids, continued • Phospholipids – Make up cell membranes, consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule. • Cell membranes are composed of two layers of phospholipids (a phospholipid bilayer) • Cell membrane won’t dissolve in water. This holds the content of a cell together. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Lipids, continued • Waxes – A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol by a condensation reaction. – Waxes are waterproof. This enables plants to survive by water retention. – Wax in ears prevents microorganisms from infecting the ear canal. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Steroids • These are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them. • Examples: – Hormones: testosterone and estrogen – Cholesterol: used in nerve cell function Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids • A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Structure of Nucleic Acids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids, continued • The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic information for cell activities. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life DNA Overview QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides? A. energy source B. energy storage C. structural support D. storage of genetic information Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of the following is not a function of polysaccharides? A. energy source B. energy storage C. structural support D. storage of genetic information Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is false? F. A wax is a lipid. G. Starch is a lipid. H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following statements is false? F. A wax is a lipid. G. Starch is a lipid. H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary information? A. ATP B. DNA C. protein D. carbohydrates Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars? F. starch G. protein H. cellulose J. glycogen Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that stores sugars? F. starch G. protein H. cellulose J. glycogen Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. 5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane? A. waxes B. steroids C. fatty acids D. phospholipids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. 5. Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane? A. waxes B. steroids C. fatty acids D. phospholipids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. 6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water? F. polar G. adhesive H. hydrophilic J. hydrophobic Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below illustrates the basic structure of a cell membrane. Use the figure to answer the questions that follow. 6. The “tails” of the molecules in the figure orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from water? F. polar G. adhesive H. hydrophilic J. hydrophobic Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids : A. lipids B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. amino acids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids : A. lipids B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. amino acids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below represents the structural formula of a molecule. Use the figure to answer the question that follows. 8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula? F. amino G. hydroxyl H. phosphate J. carboxyl Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The figure below represents the structural formula of a molecule. Use the figure to answer the question that follows. 8. What is the name of the functional group circled in the structural formula? F. amino G. hydroxyl H. phosphate J. carboxyl Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Short Response Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH. Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH. Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed. Answer: The heat that is added to the egg changes the bonds in the proteins and other molecules that make up the egg to such a large extent that the original protein shape can no longer be distinguished. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Enzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells. Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for cell function. Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme action. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that are involved in important cell processes. Part B Bonding of the substrates to enzymes causes a slight change in the enzyme’s shape, thereby weakening some of the bonds and lowering activation energy. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Section 1 Carbon Compounds Energy Currency Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.