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Germany: The Treaty Of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement signed after World War One, in 1918. The treaty was signed at the vast Versailles Palace, near Paris, between Germany and the Allies. The Treaty of Versailles was supposed to ensure a lasting peace by punishing Germany and setting up a League of Nations to solve diplomatic/political problems. It was signed on the 28th June 1919. The Big Three The three most important politicians there were David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) and Woodrow Wilson (America). Negotiations were difficult. Due to their different aims, by 19th March it looked as though the conference was going to break up. Lloyd George saved the conference and with persuasion and compromise, they all came to an agreement. Lloyd George +A 'just' peace that would be tough enough to please the electors who wanted to 'make Germany pay', but would leave Germany strong enough to trade. +Land for Britain's empire. +To safeguard Britain's naval supremacy. Clemenceau +Revenge and to punish Germany. +To return Alsace-Lorraine to France. +No League of Nations. +An independent Rhineland. +Huge reparations. +To disband the German army so that Germany would never be strong enough to attack France again. Wilson +To end war by creating a League of Nations based on his Fourteen Points. +To ensure Germany was not destroyed. +Not to blame Germany for the war - he hated the Guilt Clause. Blame Had to take full responsibility for the war- due to the War Guilt Cause Act 231. They blamed the war on Russia. Could not join the league of nations. Land Germany lost 13% of its landlost important raw materials. Why The Germans Were Angry With The Treaty Of Versailles Money Had to pay £6.6billion in reparations/comp ensation. Left feeling powerless No negotiations Were not allowed to join with Austria. Arms Army reduced to 100,000 men. Navy cut to 15,000 sailors and 6 battleships. Could not have an air force. Not allowed submarines. No troops were allowed into the Rhineland- a demilitarised zone. Which Extremist Political Group Was The Biggest Threat To The Weimar Republic? Group Who Were They? Why Did They Attack? What Happened? How Successful Were They? Danger Rating! 1-5 The Sparticists (1919) The Sparticist League A communist group set up by Rosa Luxemburg & Karl Liebknecht. Wanted a full-scale communist Revolution- like that of the Russian Revolution in 1917. Did not trust the new Government. Thought Friedrich Ebert would not improve the lives of working people. Jan 1919- Workers protested throughout Germany. The Sparticists tried to turn it into a revolution. In Berlin they took over the Government’s newspaper and telegraph head quarters. Protestors did not join to help take over other buildings. The Government ordered the army to stop the uprising. With help from the Freikorps (anticommunist ex-soldiers). Over 100 workers killed. Uprising was badly planned. No support from other communist groups. Freikorps captured and shot Rosa- her body was dumped in a Berlin canal. Karl was murdered. Without its leaders, The Sparticists were defeated. 2 The Red Army (1920) Groups of workers led by a member of the Communist Party. German workers were angry over bad pay and bad working conditions. Workers had been protesting throughout Germany. 1920- Communist ‘Red Army 50,000 workers filled the Ruhr Region (one of Germany’s main industrial areas)- took control of its raw materials. The German army and Freikorps crushed the uprising. 1000+ workers were killed. Weak leadership. No clear plan. Protests did not have enough support. The Unrest never threatened the Weimar Government’s control. 2 The Kapp Putsch (1920) Freikorps units led by Wolfgang Kapp. 1920- The Government ordered that the Freikorps brigaded be disbanded/broken up. The Government had little use for them once the leftwing groups had been crushed. Around 12,000 Freikorps marched to Berlin. The Government was forced to flee. Freikorps put forward Kapp as the new leader of Germany. Kapp+ Freikorps didn’t have much support. In Berlin workers went on strike in protest at the Putschthis made it impossible for Kapp to rule. After 4 days, Kapp fled from Berlin and Ebert’s Government returned. 4 The Nazi Party (1923) Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler and General Ludendorff(a popular war hero who had been involved in the Kapp Putsch). The Nazis had 55,000 members and its own private army- SA. Adolf Hitler + The Nazi Party believed that democracy led to weak government. They thought that there should be only one political party, with only 1 leader. Planned to take over the Government and to make General Ludendorff the leader of Germany. It all started in Munich. Hitler and 600 SA soldiers burst into a meeting where the leader of Bavaria (Kahr) was speaking. They forced Kahr to promise to support their plan. Not properly planned. Kahr was allowed to leave the beer hall and the next day he withdrew his support. The German Government responded quickly ordered the army to crush the revolt. When armed Nazis marched to a Military Base in Munich they were met by armed police and soldiers. Fighting followed and 14 Nazis were killed. The leaders of the Putsch were arrested. Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison. He was released after just 9 months. The Nazis nearly fell apart without their leader. 4 Political Problems: The Constitution Proportional Representation- All votes were counted up centrally to divide the seats fairly between parties. Article 48- A clause that gave the president of the Weimar Republic the right to dismiss parliament and rule by himself if he decided there was a ‘state of emergency’. Left Wing Right Wing Invasion Of The Ruhr + French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr in January 1923. + They would get their reparations by taking German goods. + The Germans could not use force so they used passive resistance. + French soldiers shot German civilians and made 150,000 people homeless. Hyperinflation Communist Part (KPD) German Democrat Party (DDP) Social Democrat Party (SPD) People’s Party (DVP) Central Party (Zentrum) National National Socialist People’s German Party Workers Party (DNVP) (NSDAP) Communist Views: + Belief that the nation should own all factories/profit making companies. + That wealth should be shared equally- everyone is equal. + Put the good of society before the individual. Fascists/Nazi Views + Nationalistic- Put the good of the nation before the individual. + Believe in a strong leader. + Believe that your nation is better than others. + Need for armed forces to defend your nation. + Believe that individuals should be able to make as much money as they like to become very rich. Both + Believe that your party should control the media. + Belief that your party should have the power to detain/lock up individuals who threaten your beliefs. + Believe that only your party should exist. + With workers on strike, shortages quickly developed and priced soared. + The Government printed money so people could by food and prices rose out of control. + Millions of Germans faced starvation, particularly middle classes and pensioners. + The worst affected were those on pensions, fixed incomes and those with savings in the bank. + By August 1923, Germany’s economy had collapsed. Problems With The Weimar Government + Invasion of the Ruhr. + Treaty Of Versailles. + Extreme political violence. + Stab in the back. + Hyperinflation. -In -The -End -Stood -Hitler Acronym to remember To What Extent Did Stresemann Solve The Problems Facing The Weimar Republic? Problem Stresemann’s Policy Positive Results Hyperinflation Acted quickly. Old money was replaced by the ‘Rentenmark’. Old notes were recalled/collected and burned. New currency was accepted by the German people. Inflation was brought under control. French Invasion Of The Ruhr Called of passive resistance because they could not force the French to leave the Ruhr- this created serious problems because they promised to keep up reparations to France. The French left the Ruhr. Very unpopular policy in Germany. Lots of opposition to it- especially from right-wing extremists who claimed it was a sign of a weak government and that Stresemann had ‘given in’ . Germany is not trusted by other countries Decided to cooperate with other European countries. Accepted that Germany could not reclaim the land they lost from the Treaty of Versailles. He hoped that he would change the terms of the treaty. 1925- Stresemann signed the Locarno Pacts- these were a series of treaties in Britain, France, Belgium, Italy in which they promised to not invade one another. 1926- Germany joined the League of Nations. This gave Germany great power status and therefore this meant that Germany could have a say in major decisions that had to be made. 1926- Stresemann was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Some said, ‘Stresemann is weak’ by saying that Germany would not try to regain the land it had lost. Once again, had ‘given in’ to France. Some army generals believed that Stresemann should have built up the army instead and tried to regain the land it lost due to the Treaty of Versailles. Germany is facing huge reparations Stresemann realised he couldn’t force the allies to change the treaty. Promised to pay the reparations. Hoped that the allies would lower the payments in the future. The Dawes Plan of 1924 recognised how Germans had to pay reparations. Germany was given longer to pay by the allies. 1929- Young Plan lowered the amount Germany had to pay in reparations from 132,000million to 37,000million marks. Dawes Plan did not reduce the amount of money Germany had to pay. Opponents of the Weimar Republic called the Dawes Plan a ‘Second Versailles’. Young Plan was hated by many Germans who thought that Germany should not have to pay reparations at all. Under the terms of the Young Plan, Germany would be paying reparations until 1988. Germany needs to rebuild its economy Stresemann organised big loans for Germany from the USA- this was part of the Dawes Plan. The German Government used the money to improve housing, hospitals, schools and roads. Loans were given to private German firms. Many US firms set up factories in Germany. Pensions and wages rose. The German economy was very dependent on the US economy. Problems in the US would later cause massive problems in Germany. Stresemann admitted that Germany was ‘dancing on a volcano’. Wages did not rise for everyone. Farmers lost out because food prices stayed low. By 1929, farm workers earned only half of the national average. Many farmers were very angry and started to support extreme groups, such as Nazis who offered to help them. Unemployment never fell below 1 million. From 1928, unemployment started to rise even higher. Rich people in Germany had to pay higher taxes. They complained that the Government was spending too much money on helping the poor and unemployed. Negative Results Germans never forgot hyperinflation. People with savings were never compensated and therefore felt cheated and blamed the Weimar Republic. How Germany Recovered While Under Stresemann Problems Still In Weimar: + Huge spending on welfare and health care- it was too expensive. + Unemployment was rising. + From 1927 exports were falling. + Weimar culture angered extremist groups (they wanted to abolish the Treaty of Versailles) + Economic prosperity and stability was based on foreign loans. + There was a depression in farming. Many farmers were in debt. + By 1928 there were serious disputes between worker and trade unions. Weimar Recovered: + Gradual rise in the standard of living. + Culture flourished- Marlene Dietrich, Brecht, Grosz. + People had more freedom than under the Kaiser. + Foreign countries were prepared to invest money in Germany. + Extremist political parties lost votes. + In 1926 Stresemann won the Nobel Peace Prize. + Germany was welcomed back into the international community and the League of Nations. + The public voted for moderate parties. The Advantages Of Stresemann’s Policy + French were persuaded to leave the Ruhr. + Rentenmark replaced the old mark. + Economic stability. + Dawes Plan brought in loans from America. + Young Plan lowered reparations. + Inflation was under control. + Foreign affairs. Better relationships with other countries. + Political reforms/changes and amendments. + Strength at the centre of the country. The Wall Street Crash + October 1929- Share prices began to fall on the Wall Street Stock Exchange. + Falling shared meant that people’s investments fell in value. + Worried about losing money, people rushed to sell their shares before the value fell any further. + On ‘Black Thursday’, 24th October 1929, 13million shares were sold. + The panic selling made things worse and sent prices even lower. + Shares worth $20,000 in the morning were worth $100 by the end of the day’s trading. + Within a week, investors had lost $4million. The Effects Of The Great Depression + People lost everything- Homes, food, savings... + The number of exports decreased. + Factories closed. + Prices of necessities went up. + Decrease in industrial production. + Anger and violence on the streets. + Farmers suffered even more. + People lost faith in the Government. + Young people struggled to find work. + 6million workers were unemployed ( 4 out of 10 German workers). + Unemployment. + Nazis gained in popularity. + The Government cut employment benefits and increased taxes. + Germany needed to repay their loan quickly. The Nazis Area Of Research Evidence Leadership + Who was Hitler? + Background + Was he a good leader? Hitler- Austrian. Disliked his dad but was fond of his mum. Both parents died before he was 19. Hated school- shy and lonely. Failed to get into art school. Spent time homeless. Joined the German army. Injured twice in WW1 and continued to work for the army when the war ended. Discovered the Nazis through his work as a spy and liked their ideas. Good leader- he was a good speaker, knew the best tactics and took on various roles. He was very charismatic and strong minded. Beliefs + What did they stand for? + Destroy the Treaty of Versailles + Only true Germans allowed to live in Germany- no Jews + Help for small businesses + Change education- children taught to love their country, physical fitness to be encouraged, sport and gymnastics must be compulsory. + Join with Austria + Stop immigration. + Good pensions + Stop incomes not earned through work Organisation + Was the Nazi Party well organised? Yes. They focused on various aspects of gaining control and did so in an orderly, well-structured manner. + Meetings + Speeches All carefully +Propaganda planned. + SA Hitler realised that they had to do things properly and with less force in order to get the status je wanted for the party. Support + Who supported the party? + How much support did they get? Although their votes doubled between 1923-1928, the Nazis were still only getting under 3% of overall votes. People were often either pleased with Stresemann or wanting big changes and voted for the Communist Party. Nazis were the most successful with farmers and owners of small businesses. These people had struggled hugely recently and therefore had started to turn to the Nazis who’d promised to help and support them. Farmers, small business owners, ex-soldiers... Propaganda + 1928- Hitler chose Josef Goebbels to run the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda. Goebbels took control of all mass media and ensures newspapers and posters carried the strong, simple slogans of the Nazis. Through censorship, he was able to prevent Germans from hearing any conflicting messages. Newspapers + Anti-Nazi newspapers were shut down. + Jews were banned from owning and working for newspapers. + MPs sent the remaining newspapers instructions telling them what to print, what pictures should be published and what angle they should take on the news. + In public places, display boards were set up so that everyone could read these newspapers. Rallies + Nazis always presented an image of order and control to German people- from the uniforms, meetings, torchlight processions and rallies. + Once in power, they made their rallies even more impressive. + A huge stadium at Nuremberg was specially built for them. + Goebbels stage-managed these rallies to give a dramatic impression of overwhelming power and unity. Books + As soon as they came to power, the Nazis organised official book-burnings: books were burned in public on massive bonfires. + They burned: books by communists and socialists, books by Jews, books by anyone they disapproved of and books containing ideas they disapproved of. + By burning them, they prevented German people from reading and thinking beyond the Nazi message. + All new books published had to be censored by Goebbels’s Ministry. Radio + Goebbels took over all radio broadcasting. + Regular programmes included Hitler’s speeches, German music and German history- Foreign programmes couldn’t be picked up. + Cheap radios were made so that as many Germans as possible could listen to Nazi propaganda. + By 1939: 70% of Germans owned a radio. + Large speakers were set up in public squares all over Germany and people were encouraged to listen to important radio programmes and announcements. Films + 1930s: The cinema was popular in most countries. + Goebbels controlled all German made films. + Most were adventure stories, comedies or romances. + There was always a newsreel film, News Of The Week. + The newsreels were made by Goebbels’s film-makers and shown before the main films. + Goebbels ordered openly pro-Nazi films to be made and with strict control of the scripts. How Hitler Ended Up With Power Fire of the Reichstag Elections Enabling Law Trade Unions taken over Banned all other political parties Long Knives (Night Of The Long Knives) Army oath Death of Hindenburg Fire of the Reichstag 27th February 1933 + The Reichstag building was destroyed by fire. + Marinus Van der Lubbe, a Dutch communist, was found at the scene. + Nazis claimed that it was the start of a communist plot to take over Germany. + That night- 4,000 communist leaders were arrested. + Next day- Hitler got Hindenburg to grant him EMERGENCY POWERS- this gave police the power to hold people with no time limit and without trial. + Thousand who opposed the Nazis were arrested. + Nazis banned meetings held by political opponents and closed down their newspapers. New Elections 5th March 1933 + Nazis used police and SA to pressurise political opponents. + More than 50 opponents were killed, with many more injured. + The Nazis used radios to broadcast their anti-communist messages. + This helped the Nazis achieve their best ever election result44% of the vote. The Enabling Law 24th March 1933 + Hitler wanted an Enabling Law. This would give him the power to pass laws without the Reichstag or President. + All the power was in his hands. + Hitler needed 2/3 of Reichstag to support it. + They did need persuading to give up their power. -How: - The Communist Party were banned from voting. -Centre Party were persuaded to vote in favour of the law- Hitler promised to protect the Catholic Church. - Only social democrats voted against it. + The Enabling Law was passed by 444 voted to 94. + The Weimar Republic and democracy it brought was ended. + The Reichstag had vote itself out of existence. + Germany was a dictatorship. + All decisions were made by Hitler and his closest advisers. Trade Unions taken over 2nd May 1933 + Trade Union offices were taken over. + Union leaders were arrested. + All trade unions were merged into one organisation- the new German Labour Front (DAF). + DAF was controlled by the Nazis. All Political Parties Banned July 1933 + A law was introduced whereby people were banned from forming new political parties. + By this time, Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party were banned. + Other political parties were broken up. + The new law meant that no new parties could be set up to challenge the Nazis. + There was now only one party in Germany. Night Of The Long Knives 29th-30th June 1934 + By 1934: Hitler was concerned over the SA’s increasing power- it had 3million members and wanted control of the army. + Ernst Rohm was a potential rival. + Hitler also needed to reassure the army. The army was smaller than the SA but it was well trained and disciplined. It was an organisation with the power to overthrow Hitler. + Army leaders feared that the SA would take over and resented the violence they used. + The army was supported by powerful businessmen who wanted Hitler to grow the army and buy new weapons. + On the night: SA leaders were dragged from their beds, taken to Nazi headquarters and shot dead. + Rohm was arrested. When he refused to commit suicide, he was shot in prison. + The night sent a warning message to the rest of Germany about how ruthless Hitler was in his pursuit of power. Army Oath August 1934 + The army took a personal oath to Hitler . + Hitler was now the supreme commander of the armed forces. + All German soldiers swore to obey Hitler and to risk their lives at ay time. Death of Hindenburg 2nd August 1934 + When Hindenburg died, Hitler made himself president as well as chancellor. + Hitler was now the absolute head of the Government. Nazi Policies Towards The Youth In Germany Education + Everyone had to attend school until the age of 14, after that, schooling was optional. + Boys and girls were taught at separate schools. Teachers + Teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and had to join the Nazi Teacher’s League. + Teachers had to promote Nazi ideals in the classroom. Curriculum + The curriculum changed to prepare students, + Lots of PE. + Boys were prepared for the military. + Girls were prepared for being good wives, mothers and homemakers. + New subjects were introduced, such as race studies. + Children were taught how to measure their skulls to clarify racial types. Anyone who was Aryan was classed as the superior race. Textbook + They were written to fit Nazi views of history and racial purity. + Mein Kampf was a standard textbook. Lessons + Each lesson started and finished with ‘Heil Hitler’. + There was a Nazi theme to every subject. + Maths problems dealt with social issues. + Geography taught about hostile neighbours. + In history lesson, children were taught about the evils of communism and the Treaty of Versailles. Eugenics + Race studies. + How to improve their race. + Nazi beliefs on the inferiority of black people, eastern Europeans and Jewish people. The Ideal Nazi Woman + Aryan + Flat shoes + Natural hair + Simple image + No makeup + No trousers + No smoking + Young + Healthy + Christian + Fertile + The 3 Ks- Children, Church & Cooking/ Kinder, Kirche & Küche + Women would receive certain medals the more they had. + Women could visit Lebensborns where they could be impregnated by a strong, Aryan soldier. Nazi Oppositions & How Successful They Were Group What They Did? How much of a threat were they? White Rose Group + Protested to encourage sabotage. + Anti-Nazi messages, leaflets, posters and graffiti. + Summer 1942, Jan-Feb 1943 + Small group of students + Led by Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl and Christopher Probst +Little support + Weak methods + Didn’t last very long, methods weren’t successful Edelweiss Pirates + Working class young people + Couple of hundred people at most + Avoided Hitler Youth meetings + Having fun + 1938-1944 + Songs, sex, Hitler jokes, drinking alcohol + Some beat up Nazis + Didn’t do anything threatening + Just a bit of teenage fun + Wasn’t a huge group + Not very influential Army Officers + Group of army officers + Wanted to replace Hitler and seize power + Attempted to assassinate Hitler + 1943-1944 + Got very close to Hitler + Had a number of attempts + Were nearly successful The Churches + 22million Catholic people + 40million Protestants + Largest non-Nazi group + Encouraged people not to mix politics and religion + Baptisms, marriages, funerals + 2/3 children attended a church school + Lots of support + Largest non-Nazi organisation + Strong willed (faith) and therefore extremely determined + Socialist Party+ Communist Party+ trade unionists + Huge organisation- millions + Wanted the restoration of democracy, free speech and workers’ democratic rights, workers’ revolution + Secret meetings, strikes, leaflets and anti-Nazi graffiti + Lots of support + Didn’t do anything huge + Not very successful + Not really harmful Former Political Opponents Policies Introduced To Reduce Unemployment 1933- 6,014,000 1934- 3,773,000 1935- 2,974,000 1936- 2,520,000 1937- 1,853,000 1938- 1,052,000 1939- 302,000 The reduction in unemployment from 1933 to 1939 The Labour Service Corps + A scheme to get young men into manual labour work. + From 1935: compulsory for men between the ages of 18-25 to serve for 6 months. + Workers lived in camps. + Wore uniforms. + Low pay. + Had to take part in military drill and work. Job Creation Scheme + First spent billions on them. + 1934-18.4billion + 1939- 37.1billion + Massive road building programme to provide Germany with 7,000km of motorway. + Gave private firms some money- especially in the construction industry. Invisible Unemployment + Hid some figures to make unemployment rates look better. + Didn’t include certain people: - Jews who had been sacked from work - Unmarried men under the age of 25 in the National Labour Scheme - Women who had been dismissed from work - Women who left work to marry -Nazi opponents in concentration camps + Figures included part-time workers as full-time employees. Rearmament + Determined to build up armed forces (in preparation for the future). + In turn, this reduced unemployment. Extra + 1933: army of 100,000 + 1939: army of 1,400,000 + Heavy industry increased to meet the needs of rearmament. + Coal and chemicals doubled from 1933-1939 + Oil, iron and steel trebled + Billions were spent on making tanks, aircrafts and ships + 1933: 3.5billion on rearmament + 1939: 2.6billion on rearmament The KDF: Strength Through Joy Movement + Set up in Nazi Germany to ensure that all parts of a worker’s free time was well spent. + It organized after-work activities, holidays and leisure time. + Had two main purposes: to make sure that no one had too much time to get involved in activities against the state and to make it so that within Nazi Germany, workers were grateful to the Nazis for giving them opportunities, like activities and holidays. + Before the Nazis, they would not have been able to afford it all. Better Or Worse Off? + Wages rose (Avg. 1932: 86marks- 1938: 109marks) + Organised the improvements of working conditions- Beauty Of Work + Opportunities to take part in activities and to go on trips + Volkswagen Scheme- Opportunity to get a car through payment instalments -Nazis stopped helping many people once they had power - People never did get the Volkswagen they were promised - Cost of living rose - Had to work longer hours - Labour Front Camps- Early get up, long days, military drill and work, tiring, bad pay, too much physical activity and little free time - People could rarely afford the better trips and activities - No trade unions: couldn’t protest, negotiate for better pay. They could simply be sent to concentration camps The Effects Of Policies On School Children + Aryans and non-Aryans split + Jewish children were humiliated + Jews described horribly by teachers + schoolbooks + pictures etc. + Jewish children expelled + Stereotypical vision of Jewish people was displayed This Led To: + Children scared of Jews + Jewish children left feeling humiliated + Aryans and non-Aryans wouldn’t have mixed as much + Awful images of Jews were printed in childrens’ heads- scaring them and left them having certain views and expectations The Labour Service Corps + A scheme to get young men into manual labour work. + From 1935: compulsory for men between the ages of 18-25 to serve for 6 months. + Workers lived in camps and wore uniforms. + Low pay. + Had to take part in military drill and work. Job Creation Scheme + First spent billions on them. + 1934-18.4billion + 1939- 37.1billion + Massive road building programme to provide Germany with 7,000km of motorway. + Gave private firms some money- especially in the construction industry. Invisible Unemployment + Hid some figures to make unemployment rates look better. + Didn’t include certain people: - Jews who had been sacked from work - Unmarried men under the age of 25 in the National Labour Scheme - Women who had been dismissed from work - Women who left work to marry -Nazi opponents in concentration camps + Figures included part-time workers as full-time employees. How Nazi Policies Affected Jewish People + Destruction of shops and businesses + Decrease in customers + Civil servants sacked + Banned from doing professional jobs + ‘Jude’ written on the windows of Jewish businesses to put people off + No Jews allowed to do Government jobs + No Jews in the army + Jews couldn’t vote + Had to register all of their possessions + ‘J’ on their passports + Councils banned them from certain places + Jewish children banned from schools and universities + School textbooks + teacher influences + No Jews allowed in restaurants + ‘Isreal’ put before Jewish mens’ names and ‘Sarah’ put before Jewish womens’ names The Nuremberg Laws: + No Jews allowed to be German citizens + German blood- German citizenship + No relationships allowed between Jews and non-Jews Deportation 1939: + Lots of people felt they needed to leave Germany because life was so bad + Germany made it very difficult to leave- took all of their possessions of them if they wanted to leave + Many were forced to leave to (people who the Nazis did not like) Kristallnacht ht ‘Night Of The Broken Glass + 9th November 1938 an angry young Jewish student shot a German diplomat in Paris. + As revenge, Nazi leaders encouraged people to attack German Jews and smash up their shops, homes and synagogues. + Police were told not to intervene. + 91 Jews were dead + Many streets littered with broken glass. + The following months: 30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps- life was about to get a whole lot worse! Other Groups Which Were Persecuted Sterilisation Law: + Allowed Nazis to sterilise (stop them from being able to have children) people with certain illnesses, like mental illnesses, hereditary diseases and physical disabilities. ‘Simple mindedness’ and ‘chronic alcoholism’. + 1934-1945: nearly 700,000 men and women compulsorily sterilised. Concentration Camps: + ‘Undesirables’ sent to concentration camps + Prostitutes, homosexuals and juvenile delinquents + 1938: Gypsies, tramps and beggars added to the list Euthanasia Camps: + From 1939: Nazis started to secretly exterminate the mentally ill in the euthanasia campaigns. + Roughly 6,000 disabled babies, children and teenagers were murdered by starvation or lethal injection Gypsies + Around 30,000 in Germany + Disliked because they were non-Aryan, threat to racial purity, homeless and workshy + 1935: Nazis banned Germans and gypsies from marrying + 3 years later: Decree for the ‘Struggle against the Gypsy Plague’ was issued- All Gypsies had to register with authorities. Nazis wanted ideal Germans who were ‘socially useful’. They had a job and contributed to the state.