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History of the Computer History of the Computer • Mechanical Devices • Electro-Mechanical Devices • First Generation Computers • The Stored Program Concept Mechanical Devices • Pascaline • Stepped Reckoner • Difference Engine • Analytical Engine Pascaline • Invented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician. • Used a complicated set of gears. • Could only perform addition and subtraction. • The Pascaline never worked as it was designed to. Pascaline Mechanical Devices • Pascaline • Stepped Reckoner • Difference Engine • Analytical Engine Stepped Reckoner • • • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in 1674 a German mathematician. Performed addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and calculated square roots(?). Frequently malfunctioned due to unreliable parts. Stepped Reckoner Mechanical Devices • Pascaline • Stepped Reckoner • Difference Engine • Analytical Engine Difference Engine • • • • Started by Charles Babbage in 1822. Intended to calculate numbers to 20 decimal places. Would have been used to calculate navigational tables. Never built, but led Babbage to develop the Analytical Engine. Difference Engine Mechanical Devices • Pascaline • Stepped Reckoner • Difference Engine • Analytical Engine Analytical Engine • Designed around 1833. • Used a set of instructions called a program. • Included a memory unit. • Was never built. • Served as a model for modern computers(?). Analytical Engine, cont. • • • Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, helped sponsor and aid Babbage in his work. Ada Bryon wrote a program for the Analytical Engine. Ada Byron said that she did not believe that the Engine could ever “originate anything.” History of the Computer • Mechanical Devices • Electro-Mechanical Devices • First Generation Computers • The Stored Program Concept History of the Computer: Electro-Mechanical Devices • Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine • Mark I Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine • Developed for the U.S. Census in 1890. • Used electrical circuits rather than gears. • Punched holes in cards represented information. Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine, cont. • When metal pins through holes made contact, the counter was incremented. • The general count was completed in six weeks. Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine, cont. History of the Computer: Electro-Mechanical Devices • Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine • Mark I Mark I • Created by a team from IBM and Harvard University. • The team was led by Howard Aiken. • Data was input on punched cards. • Used telephone relay switches to store data. • Could not make decisions. Mark I, cont. • Considered by many to be a calculator and not a computer. • Over 51 ft long and weighed 5 tons. • Comprised of over 750,000 parts making it unreliable. • Used to make range tables for artillery during WWII. Mark I, cont. History of the Computer: First Generation Computers • Mechanical Devices • Electro-Mechanical Devices • First Generation Computers • The Stored Program Concept History of Computers: First Generation Computers • Atanasoff-Berry Computer • ENIAC • Computer defined Atanasoff-Berry Computer • First electronic computer. • Built between 1939 and 1942 at Iowa State University by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. • Used the binary (0s and 1s) number system. Atanasoff-Berry Computer History of Computers: First Generation Computers • Atanasoff-Berry Computer • ENIAC • Computer defined ENIAC • • • • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. Like the Mark I, built to calculate range tables for artillery shells. Completed at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Used 17,000 vacuum tubes which required special fans for cooling. ENIAC History of Computers: First Generation Computers • Atanasoff-Berry Computer • ENIAC • Computer defined Computer • A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, processes it according to instructions (program), and provides the results as new data. • A computer can make simple decisions and comparisons. History of Computers: The Stored Program Computer • Mechanical Devices • Electro-Mechanical Devices • First Generation Computers • The Stored Program Computer The Stored Program Computer • Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” • Program • CPU • EDVAC & EDSAC • Machine language • UNIVAC Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine” • Developed in the 1930s and 40s. • Machine would change tasks by changing programs. • The “Universal Machine” was a mathematical idea. • Alan Turing was a British mathematician. History of the Computer: The Stored Program Computer • Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” • Program • CPU • EDVAC & EDSAC • Machine language • UNIVAC Program A program is a list of instructions written in a special language that the computer understands. History of the Computer: The Stored Program Computer • Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” • Program • CPU • EDVAC & EDSAC • Machine language • UNIVAC CPU • • • John von Neumann introduced the idea of the stored program computer. Instructions would be stored in memory and executed in the CPU or Central Processing Unit. The CPU controlled the different functions of the computer electronically. History of the Computer: The Stored Program Computer • Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” • Program • CPU • EDVAC & EDSAC • Machine language • UNIVAC EDVAC & EDSAC • Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator was built by Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neumann. • Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer was built by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University in England. History of the Computer: The Stored Program Computer • Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” • Program • CPU • EDVAC & EDSAC • Machine language • UNIVAC Machine Language The language that the computer understands. This language can represent switches as a series of 0s and 1s (0 is off and 1 is on). History of the Computer: The Stored Program Computer • Alan Turing and the “Universal Machine.” • Program • CPU • EDVAC & EDSAC • Machine language • UNIVAC UNIVAC • Universal Automatic Computer • Built by Eckert and Mauchly. • Sold to the Census Bureau in 1951. • All first generation computers used vacuum tubes which made them large and expensive to purchase and run. History of the Computer: Introducing the Computer • Second Generation Computers • High-Level Programming Languages • Third Generation Computers • Mainframes Second Generation Computers • Transistor • Model 650 • Read, Write Transistor • Invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brittain of Bell Laboratories. • Made computers smaller and less expensive. • Increased calculating speeds. Second Generation Computers • Transistor • Model 650 • Read, Write Model 650 • Introduced by IBM in the early 1960s. • Purchased by government and business organizations. • Popular in spite of its cost. Second Generation Computers • Transistor • Model 650 • Read, Write Read, Write • Magnetic tape and reel-to-reel tape machines began to be used to store and retrieve data and instructions. • Magnetic tape made data storage and retrieval much faster. • Punched cards were still in use, not replaced. Read, Write, cont. History of the Comuter: Introducing the Computer • Second Generation Computers • High-Level Programming Languages • Third Generation Computers • Mainframes High-Level Programming Languages • Need for • FORTRAN • COBOL/Ada • BASIC • C • C++ • Java Need For • Machine language programs are hard to write. • High-Level languages use Englishlike statements that are easier to understand. High-Level Programming Languages • Need for • FORTRAN • COBOL/Ada • BASIC • C • C++ • Java FORTRAN • Formula Translator or FORTRAN was developed in 1957 by John Backus. Used commands such as “READ” and “WRITE”. • Use primarily for scientific and engineering purposes. High-Level Programming Languages • Need for • FORTRAN • COBOL/Ada • BASIC • C • C++ • Java COBOL • COmmon Business Oriented Language was developed by Grace Murray Hopper for the Department of Defense in 1959. • Ada was also developed by the DOD and named after Ada Byron. High-Level Programming Languages • Need for • FORTRAN • COBOL • BASIC • C • C++ • Java BASIC • Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code or BASIC was developed at Dartmouth University in the early 1960s by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. • Developed as a language for teaching computer programming. • Has evolved into Visual Basic (a Microsoft product). High-Level Programming Languages • Need for • FORTRAN • COBOL • BASIC • C • C++ • Java C/C++/Java • • • C was developed to create the UNIX operating system. C++ was developed to use a new programming philosophy called Object Oriented Programming. Java is an Object Oriented programming language mainly used for device programming. History of Computers: Introducing the Computer • Second Generation Computers • High-Level Programming Languages • Third Generation Computers • Mainframes Third Generation Computers • Integrated Circuits • IBM System 360 Integrated Circuits • The IC or chip replaced transistors just as transistors replaced vacuum tubes. • Independently invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1961. • ICs are silicon wafers with circuits etched in their surface. Third Generation Computers • Integrated Circuits • IBM System 360 IBM System 360 • One of the first computers to use ICs. • Relatively inexpensive; allows smaller businesses and universities to purchase computers. History of Computers: Introducing the Computer • Second Generation Computers • High-Level Programming Languages • Third Generation Computers • Mainframes Mainframes a. Definition b. IBM System 360 c. Use d. Terminals Definition of a Mainframe A mainframe is a large computer system that is usually used for multiuser applications. Mainframes • Definition • IBM System 360 • Use • Terminals IBM System 360 The IBM System 360 was one of the first mainframes available. STOP History of Computers: Introducing the Computer • Fourth Generation Computers • The Personal Computer • Memory: ROM and RAM • The CPU • Bits and Bytes Fourth Generation Computers • Microprocessor • Microcomputer Microprocessor • Invented by Marcian Hoff at Intel Corporation. • Places an entire CPU on a chip. • Made possible the fourth generation of computers. Fourth Generation Computers • Microprocessor • Microcomputer Microcomputer 1) Made possible by the microprocessor. 2) Fits on a desk and are now usually called personal computers. 3) First was the Altair built in 1975. 4) In 1976 Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs designed and built the first Apple computer. History of the Computer: Introducing the Computer 9. Fourth Generation Computers 10. The Personal Computer 11. Memory: ROM and RAM 12. The CPU 13. Bits and Bytes The Personal Computer 1) Often called “PC” which is usually associated with “IBM compatible” PC. 2) “Mac” is short for Macintosh which is an Apple product. 3) Personal computers contain four types of hardware components. 4) Data flow diagram The Personal Computer 1) Often called “PC” which is usually associated with “IBM compatible” PC. 2) “Mac” is short for Macintosh which is an Apple product. 3) Personal computers contain four types of hardware components. 4) Data flow diagram Hardware Components a) Input devices – Allows the computer to accept data: keyboard, CD-ROM drive, disk drive, mouse, etc. b) Memory – Integrated circuits within the base unit that is used to store data. Hardware Components a) CPU(Central Processing Unit) – An IC within the base unit that processes data and controls the flow of data between the computer’s other units. b) Output Devices – Devices that display or store processed data: monitors, printers, disk drives, etc. The Personal Computer 1) Often called “PC” which is usually associated with “IBM compatible” PC. 2) “Mac” is short for Macintosh which is an Apple product. 3) Personal computers contain four types of hardware components. 4) Data flow diagram Data Flow Diagram Input Memory CPU Output Chapter I: Introducing the Computer 9. Fourth Generation Computers 10. The Personal Computer 11. Memory: ROM and RAM 12. The CPU 13. Bits and Bytes Memory: ROM and RAM a. ROM b. RAM Memory: ROM and RAM a. ROM b. RAM ROM 1) ROM: Read-Only-Memory 2) Contains basic operating instructions for the computer (Basic Input Output System or BIOS). 3) The instructions stored in ROM are not lost when the computer is turned off. Memory: ROM and RAM a. ROM b. RAM RAM 1) Random Access Memory 2) Temporary memory where programs and data are stored. 3) The contents of RAM may be changed. 4) Anything left in RAM when the computer is turned off is lost and cannot be retrieved. Chapter I: Introducing the Computer 9. Fourth Generation Computers 10. The Personal Computer 11. Memory: ROM and RAM 12. The CPU 13. Bits and Bytes The CPU a. CPU – Central processing unit b. Directs the processing of information throughout the computer. c. Executes instructions received from RAM or ROM. d. Contains the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit). Chapter I: Introducing the Computer 9. Fourth Generation Computers 10. The Personal Computer 11. Memory: ROM and RAM 12. The CPU 13. Bits and Bytes Bits and Bytes a. Binary b. Bit/byte c. ASCII d. Memory Size Bits and Bytes a. Binary b. Bit/byte c. ASCII d. Memory Size Binary 1) Data is manipulated within a computer by turning switches on or off. On can be represented by the digit 1 and off by the digit 0. 2) This makes the binary number system ideal for mathematically representing the internal workings of a computer. Bits and Bytes a. Binary b. Bit/byte c. ASCII d. Memory Size Bit/Byte 1) Bit stands for BInary DigiT. 2) Eight bits make one byte. Bits and Bytes a. Binary b. Bit/byte c. ASCII d. Memory Size ASCII 1) American Standard Code for Information Interchange. 2) Developed in the early 1960s to allow computers to exchange information. 3) Each character and control function is assigned a value between 0 and 127. ASCII, cont. Letter Decimal Binary A 65 1000001 $ 36 0100100 cr 13 0001101 Bits and Bytes a. Binary b. Bit/byte c. ASCII d. Memory Size Memory Size 1) The size of a computer’s memory is measured in bytes. 2) Suffixes are used to make the numbers more manageable: K(b) – kilobyte (1,024) mb – megabyte(1,048,576) gb – gigabyte (1,073,741,824) tb – terabyte (1,099,511,627,776) Chapter I: Introducing the Computer 14. Storage Devices 15. Peripheral Devices Storage Devices a. (floppy) Diskette b. Hard drive c. CD-ROM (RW) d. DVD-ROM e. USB Mass Storage (floppy) Diskette 1) Called a “floppy” because the platter inside is floppy plastic covered with ferrous oxide (rust). 2) Data is stored magnetically like songs are stored on cassette tapes. 3) Can usually store 1.44 mb of data. Storage Devices a. (floppy) Diskette b. Hard drive c. CD-ROM (RW) d. DVD-ROM e. USB Mass Storage Hard Drive 1) Called a hard drive because the platters are hard not floppy. 2) Can store thousands or hundreds of thousands times more data than a floppy diskette. 3) Data is still stored magnetically. Storage Devices a. (floppy) Diskette b. Hard drive c. CD-ROM (RW) d. DVD-ROM e. USB Mass Storage CD-ROM (RW) 1) Data is stored in such a way that it can be retrieved with laser light. 2) A CD-ROM can hold approx. 650 mb of data. 3) A CD-RW can be used like a floppy diskette. Data on the diskette can be changed. Storage Devices a. (floppy) Diskette b. Hard drive c. CD-ROM (RW) d. DVD-ROM e. USB Mass Storage DVD-ROM 1) Same as CD-ROM only bigger. 2) Can store approx. 4.7 gb of data. Storage Devices a. (floppy) Diskette b. Hard drive c. CD-ROM (RW) d. DVD-ROM e. USB Mass Storage USB Mass Storage 1) Uses “flash memory” for storage. 2) Available from 16mb to 2gb. 3) Uses USB connector. Chapter I: Introducing the Computer 14. Storage Devices 15. Peripheral Devices Peripheral Devices a. Printers b. Scanners Printers 1) Dot matrix (nearly obsolete) 2) Inkjet (mainstream printer) 3) Laser (common) 4) Color Laser (getting cheaper) 5) A printer is also an output device. Peripheral Devices a. Printers b. Scanners Scanners 1) Used to input pictures or documents as images. 2) Is also an input device. Chapter I: Introducing the Computer 16. Telecommunication 17. Networks 18. Network Services 19. Using a Network 20. The World Wide Web (WWW) 21. The Software Revolution