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World Studies CP
Final Review Guide
Answers
Chapter 18
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Section 1 = start of the war
Section 3 = Russian Revolution
Section 4 = End of War
Section 5 = Peace after WWI
18.3 Russian Revolution
Causes of 1905 Russian
Revolution (18.3)
• Russo-Japanese war caused it
• Russia was defeated by the tiny newly
modernized nation of Japan
• Caused the people to lose faith in the
Czar/Government. People felt they had no
power
• Russia is the ONLY nation to still have an
absolute monarch
Duma (18.3)
• 1905 first elected national Parliament was
formed because of the failed revolution
Bolsheviks (18.3)
• Peace, Land, Bread
• Promised to withdraw from WWI
• Lead by Lenin
• Overthrew the Provisional Government
Causes of WWI (18.1)
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Nationalism
Militarism
Imperialism
System of Alliance
Known as Balkan Powder Keg
Archduke Fernandez was the Spark
Balkan Powder Keg
• Serbia and Slavs
• Nickname for the start of WWI
Mensheviks (18.3)
• Rival of the Bolsheviks for control of the
Soviets
• Mensheviks were more moderate than the
violent Bolsheviks
League of Nations (18.5)
• Was one of Wilson’s 14 points
• Organization to prevent future war
• United States did not join
New Nations after WWI (18.5)
• Poland
• Yugoslavia
• Finland
Treaty of Versailles (18.5)
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Paris Peace Conference, Russia not invited
Germany fully responsible
Austria – Hungary split
Germany military was limited
Alexander II
• Czar who made reforms but was
assassinated
• He was Czar Nicholas II’s dad
Nicholas II
• Last Czar of Russia
• He and his family killed
Wilhelm II
• Kaiser (German Ruler) during WWI
• He replaced Wilhelm I and fired Bismarck
(Blood and Iron guy)
Woodrow Wilson
• United States President
• Proposed 14 points
Maginot Line pg 546
• Series of fortification put up by France to
protect them from Germany
Easter Rebellion pg 548
• Irish nationalist movement
• 1916
Weimar Republic pg 553
• Unpopular democratic government in
Germany
• Signed Treaty of Versailles
Black Shirts pg552
• Mussolini’s private police
Brown Shirts pg 553
• Hitler’s private police
Adolph Hitler
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Copied Mussolini's totalitarian system
Great speaker
Fear of Jews
Fear of communism
Benito Mussolini
• Totatlitairan system in Italy
• First!
Francisco Franco
• Fascist Leader of Spain
• Received aid from Italy and Germany
Joseph Stalin
• USSR
• Collective farms and heavy machinery
• Five year plan
Vladimir Lenin
• Was the leader of USSR before Stalin
Third Reich
• Next 1000 years of German rule
Hitler’s rise to power
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Powerful speaker
Inflation
Hate of the Treaty of Versailles
Weak and hated government
Blame the Jews
Mein Kampf
• Written by Hitler, his ideas on
totalitarianism
• Includes his ideas for the final solution
Communism
• Government owns almost everything and
control the press and uses secret police
• *** economic equal ***
Fascism
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Started in Italy
The state was above the individual
Heart and the mind
Collective will
Collective Farms
• Under Stalin
• Were not productive
• Everyone shares work and profits
Five year Plan
• Stalin’s plan to improve the economy
quickly
New Economic Policy
• Lenin’s plan
Nazi Party
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National Socialist workers party
Munich power base
Took over the Reichstag (government)
Hitler was the leader
Purges
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Stalin got rid of opposition
Killed anyone who got in his way!
In the party or out of it
Sent off to Siberia
Chapter 20
British controlled areas
• In Africa
• Mandates after WWI
• Egypt became independent in 1922
Boxer Rebellion
• 1900 Chinese Christians and foreign
missionaries were attacked
• Chinese didn’t want to open to the WEST
Kuomintang
• 1912 to Sun Yat-sen
• Nationalist
• Non-communist
Sun Yat-sen
• Was a nationalist leader in China
Mao Zedong
• Communist leader of China
• Escaped from nationalist during Chinese
civil war on the long march (6,000 miles)
Russo-Japanese War
• 1905
• Japanese defeat Russia
• Created international prestige for the tiny
island nation of Japan
Modernizing Japan
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Rise in population
Social tensions
Lower standard of living
Military began to gain influence and people
were unhappy
Changes in Latin America
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Industrialization
Immigration from Europe
Rise in Labor Unions
Population growth
Mohandas Gandhi
• Fought for Indian independence from
Britain
• Pacifist
• Non-violent resistance
Mustafa Kemal
• Father of secular (non-Islamic) Turkey
Reza Pahlavi
• Shah of Iran
• Modernized Iran
Chiang Kai-Shek
• Nationalist leader of China
• Fled China after communist took over
Zionism
• Desire to create a Jewish Homeland in
Palestine (holly land)
Chapter 22
Cold War
• Soviet Union and United States
• Soviet Union had aggressive nationalist
policies
United nations Purpose
• Tried to maintain world peace and security
by working together.
Major bodies of the United
nations. You need to know at
least 3
• General Assembly = all members
– Goals to create peace and human dignity
– Security Council = 5 members United States,
Russia, Great Britain, France and China, plus
10 rotating members. This group vote on
whether the UN will take military action
Nuremberg Trials
• International court held in Nuremberg
Germany
• Nazi leaders were put on trial for war
crimes and crimes against humanity
• First such trial of its kind
Marshall Plan
• United States plan to loan and then rebuild
European infrastructure
Containment
• American policy after WWII to keep
communism from spreading
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• “Western” military alliances against
Communism (Russia)
Warsaw Pact
• “eastern” military alliance created in
response to NATO
• Cold War
Division of Germany
• Demilitarized Germany. Each allied power
got a zone. United States, Great Britain,
France and U.S.S.R
• Berlin was divided into 4 zones as well
European Union/common market
• Increased economic cooperation among
member nations
• Common currency = Euro
• Reduced trade barriers
Nikita Khrushchev
• Leader of U.S.S.R
• Began De-Stalinization (taking away 5 year
plans and secret police)
Berlin Wall
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Symbol of the cold war
Split Berlin
U.S.S.R zone cut off
Went up in 1961
Went down in 1989
Iron Curtain
• Phrase coined by Winston Churchill
• Referred to all the nations under Soviet
control against their wishes
West German Miracle
• Great period of prosperity in W. Germany
after WWII
• Marshall Plan had helped Germany become
an economic wunder
Chapter 23
Tiananmen Square
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1989
Chinese demonstrations for democracy
Thousands of unarmed protestors killed
Out cry from the international community
Taliban
• Afghanistan
• Fundamentalist Muslim Regime
Deng Xiaoping
• Leader in the late 1970’s after the death of
Mao
• 4 Modernizations
• Moved China toward a market economy
(not planned communist economy)
Cultural Revolution
• One of Mao’s Policies to make people more
“communist”
• Created after the failure of the Great Leap
forward
• Was an attempt to get rid of the old ways
Red Guards
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Under Mao
Little Red Book
Young, radical students
Enforced the Cultural Revolution
Mao’s 5 year plans
• First 5 year plan to increase the economy (it
was OK)
• Great Leap Forward (millions died)
• Cultural Revolution (millions sent to reeducation camp, Red Guards, little red
book)
Taiwan
• Where Nationalist fled when the
Communist won civil war
• Wanted independence from China
People’s Republic of China
• Communist China
• 1949
• Mao was the first leader. Took over after
the long march
Indira Gandhi
• First Prime Minister of India (was a
women)
• Was assassinated
Benazir Bhutto
• Prime Minister of Pakistan at age of 35
• First female to serve as Prime Minister in an
Islamic country
Corazon Aquino
• Philippines
• Took power after Marcos was removed
from power
• First female leader
4 Tigers / Pacific Rim
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South Korea
Singapore
China
Japan
• These are the 4 largest economies in Asia
Hirohito
• Emperor of Japan during and after WWII
• Had to admit he was not divine after WWII
• Became head of state and nothing more
Chapter 24
OPEC
• Control supply and cost of oil
Nelson Mandela
• Spent 27 years in prison for attempting to
overthrow racist government where blacks
were not allowed to vote
• Later becomes first black president of South
Africa
Apartheid
• Laws and culture of South Africa to keep
whites and blacks segregated
Wars fought against Israel
• Wars in 1948
• Six Day war
• Yom Kippur
• Arabs were very unset with the creation of
Israel and attempted to take back the land
and give it all to Palestine
Intifada
• The shaking
• 1978 and 2001
• Violent uprising of Palestinians
Persian Gulf War
• Fought to liberate Kuwait
Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Leader of Egypt 1952-1970
• Anti west
• Took control of Suez Canal
Anwar el-Sadat
• Leader of Egypt
• Signed the Camp David Accords
Menachem Begin
• Leader of Israel
• Signed Camp David Accord
Ayatollah Khomeini
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Leader of Iran
Took power in 1979
Spiritual leader
Anti west
Yitzhak Rabin
• Israeli Prime Minister
• 1993
• Signed Oslo Accords
Iranian revolution
• Pro west shah replaced by Khomeini
• Goal to great a fundamentalist Islamic state
• Anti-west
PLO
• Palestinian Liberation Organization
• Leader, Yassir Arafat
Chapter 25
Monoculture 25.1 pg 719
• Mono= one
• Too much of one or two crops
• As the world prices of these few crops rose
and fell… these nations go on a economic
roller coaster
OAS (organization of American
States)
• Fosters economic and military cooperation
in South America
Institutional Revolutionary Party
25.2 pg 723
• PRI
• In Mexico
• In power for 70 years
Drug Cartel 25.4
• Medillen and Cali drug Cartels in Colombia
• Zetas and Gulf in Mexico
Augusto Pinochet 25.4
• Leader of Chile
• Used political repression to maintain power
• Dictatorship
Fulgencio Batista 25.3 pg 730
• Leader of Cuba
• Was taken out of power by Castro
• Was Pro-United States
Manuel Noriega 25.2 pg 728
• Leader of Panama
• United States believed he was helping drugs
cartels
• George Bush sent in U.S troops
• Noriega was captured and convicted of drug
trafficking
• 40 years in prison in U.S.
Oscar Arias 25.2 page 729
• Costa Rican president
• Proposed a peace plan and economic
reforms.
• Felt there would be no peace in the region
with out democracy
• Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts
• Endorsed by Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
Fidel Castro 25.3 pg 730
• Took power from Batista
• Communist leader of Cuba
• Supported communist take over in other
nations
Jean-Bertrand Aristide 25.3
pg 734
• Leader of Haiti
• First democratically elected president
• Was put back into power by the United
States
Juan Peron 25.4 pg 738
• Two time leader of Argentina
• Wife Evita loved by nation
Contras 25.2 pg 727
• Fought against the Sandinistas (Marxist
group in Nicaragua) Sandinistas had ties to
Cuba
• Contras were a guerrilla group trying to
overthrow the Sandinistas and were funded
by the United State s
NAFTA 25.1 pg 720
• North Atlantic Free Trade Association
• Created a free trade zone between Mexico,
Canada, and the United States
Chapter 26
Northern Ireland religious issues
• Catholic v. Protestants
• Republic of Ireland 1922, North under
British rule and the south under Catholic
rule with a protestant minority
• Page 757
Economic problems in France
• Immigration
• Unemployment
• Recession
Afghanistan and U.S.S.R
• 1979 Russians invade to prop up the
communist government
Perestroika
• Restructuring in the Soviet Union
Glasnost
• Open-ness of government
Velvet Revolution
• Vaclad Haval
• Czechoslovakia
Nikolai Ceausescu
• Romania dictator
• Executed for crimes against humanity and
his wife too
Slobodon Milosevic
• Leader of Serbia
• Took parts of Croatia and Bosnia to create a
“Greater Serbia” without ethnic minorities
Lech Walesa
• In Poland
• Political solidarity
Ethnic Cleaning
• Yugoslavia
• Broke into several other countries like
Serbia
German re-unification
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Result of the fall of the Berlin wall 1989
Free Berlin
Capital of Germany again Berlin
October 3, 1990
Maastricht Treaty
• 1993
• EEC created the EU
• Not tariffs and common currency
Euro
• EU’s common currency
Soviet Satellite Nations
• Czechoslovakia
• Hungary
• Poland
Osama bin Laden
• Planned Sept 11
Margaret Thatcher
• Conservative Prime Minster of Britain
• Thatcherism = reduce government
involvement in industry and reduce taxes
Helmut Kohl
• German Chancellor 1982-1998
• Christian Democrat
Leonid Brezhnew
• Successor to Khreshev
• Pledged Military force to any satellite
country moving away from communism
Boris Yeltsin
• First democratically elected President of
Russia