Download Physiology

Physiology
Introduction
Behrouz Mahmoudi
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Life
Things ” organized to use energy and raw
materials from their environment, maintain their
integrity and reproduce.
Physiology
Physiology is the study of the normal
function of cell, tissue, organs, systems
and organisms
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Physiological processes arise through
evolution
▸Natural selection -process by which traits
that enhance a species survival are able to
produce more surviving members than others
not having those characteristics
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Integumentary system
Nervous system
Skeletal system
Endocrine system
Muscular system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Urinary system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
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Homeostasis
•Homeostasis is a stable internal environment
•Every organism must maintain homeostasis for
survival
•Homeostatic regulation is responsible for
keeping internal environment within certain
limits.
Two general points within homeostasis
• Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation –
results when cell, organ or system adjusts its
activity automatically.
• Extrinsic regulation - results from activity of
nervous system or endocrine system
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Homeostatic regulation involves
• A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of :
– A receptor – senses an environmental change or
stimuli.
– A control center –processes information supplied by
receptor and generates a response (command)
– An effector – an organ or cell that responds to the
command of control center.
• A variation outside the desired range triggers an
automatic response to correct the situation
– Negative feedback
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Negative Feedback: The
Control of Body Temperature
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Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting
•In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response
that enhances the change in the original condition. For instance:
• Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of
chemicals.
•Chemicals will trigger blood clotting
•Clotting process increases release of chemicals
•More chemicals means accelerated clotting
•Accelerated clotting means more chemicals
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Body Cavities
• Body cavities are internal chambers
holding vital organs
– Cavities protect vital organs
– Cavities allow organs to change in
shape and size
• Two body cavities
– Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial
cavity and the spinal cavity
– Ventral body cavity includes the
thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic
cavity
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Body Cavities
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Clinical technology allows
many different views of the
body
• X-rays
• Computerized tomography (CT) scans
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans
• Ultrasound images
• Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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X-rays
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Special Scanning Methods
CT-SCAN: computerized tomography scan
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Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) scans
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Ultrasound images
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angiography
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