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The Digestive System: For Discussion: True or False? 1. Of all the organs, the stomach is most central to the structure and function of the digestive system. False 2. The liver is the 2nd-largest organ in the body. True 3. The liver is the 2nd-most complicated organ in the body. True 4. The liver is the 3rd-most immediately vital organ in the body. True 5. The pancreas is the only organ of the human body that can regenerate. False 6. The large intestine is larger than the small intestine. False, except that is larger in diameter. It is much shorter. 7. The digestive system contains the hardest substance in the human body. True 8. The human appendix, like the human coccyx, is a vestigial organ. True The Digestive System ACCESSORY GLANDS Salivary glands Secrete saliva, which contains enzymes that initiate breakdown of carbohydrates ALIMENTARY CANAL Mouth Mechanical breakdown of food; begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates Pharynx Connects mouth with esphagus Esophagus Peristalsis pushes food to stomach Liver Produces bile, which emulsifies fat Gallbladder Stores bile and introduces into small intestine Pancreas Produces and secretes pancreatic juice, containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, into small intestine Stomach Secretes acid (HCl) and enzymes. Mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins Small Intestine Mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice. Final breakdown of food molecules; main site of nutrient absorption Large Intestine Absorbs water and electrolytes to from feces Rectum Regulates elimination of feces Anus External sphincter The Digestive System I. Alimentary Canal -__________ continuous ________ muscular _____ tube through which _____ food passes from ______ mouth to _____ anus food ______is bolus ______, mixed A. Mouth -________ receives _____, food _____ __________and __________ positioned swallowed by _______ tongue during ___________, mastication provides for ___________ mechanical _________ digestion along with ________ tongue and ____ jaw ________ muscles chewing (_________ 1. Cheeks -contain ________ muscles for ________ masseter and __________) temporalis and ____________ positioning of food in the _____ oral _______ cavity (__________) buccinator skeletal _______ muscle (__________ orbicularis ____) oris 2. Lips -made from ________ thin ________, skinned many ________ sensory _________, receptors -_____important in ________ sensing ___________ temperature and _______ texture of _____ food external ________ borders mark __________ boundaries between -_________ skin of _____ face and ________ mucous __________ membranes of _____ __________ alimentary ______ canal 2. Lips Rx – Cold Sores -_______ caused by _______ Herpes _________ Simplex __ I ______ virus mucous ___________ membranes during -_______ infects _____ skin and ________ _____ lytic ______, phase when it is ___________ contagious infects ______ nerve cell during its _______, latency making -_______ infection __________, permanent _________ triggered by _______ stress _________ treated with _________, Acylovir which _______ -_______ mimics the ____________ nitrogenous ______ bases ________ adenine and ________ guanine 3. Tongue -most _________ powerful ________ skeletal ________ muscles in the _____, body per _______ square _____ inch -____ mix and ________ position _____ food between _____ teeth during ________, chewing ________ pushes _____ food toward the ________ pharynx during ____________ swallowing covered with ________ mucous ___________ membranes and -________ ______ rough ________, papillae _____ some of which ________ provide _______ friction and _____ house ______ taste some of which ______ buds _____ A. Mouth Epiglottis Lip Hard palate Palatine tonsils Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsils Papillae Tongue Lingual frenulum Vestibule Lip Lingual tonsils A. Mouth 4. Palate a. Hard palate -______ forms the _____ roof of the _____ oral ______ cavity -________ formed by the _______ fusion of the palatine _________ processes of the ________ maxillae ________ front and the ________ palatine in the ______ ______ bones in the ______ back muscular _____ arch which _______ extends from b. Soft palate -_________ the _________ posterior _____ hard _______ palate to _____ taper _____ back and into the _____-______ uvula cone shaped _____ muscles _____ draw ____ soft _______ palate and -________ ______ uvula up to ________ prevent _____ food from _________ entering the ______ nasal _______ cavity nodes __________ associated with ______ mucous c. Tonsils -______ lymph ______ ___________ membranes of ___________ respiratory _________ passages protect ____ body against ________ infection by help _______ -_____ harboring macrophages and ___________ lymphocytes ________ ___________ A. Mouth 4. Palate lingual _________, palatine and ___________ pharyngeal c. Tonsils -_______, (_________) adenoids Rx – Tonsilitis -_____ sore _______; throat ____________ inflammation of the _______ tonsils caused by bacterial or ______ viral _________ infection _________ -can _______ spread to cause Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) _________ infection of the __________ middle ear = _____ otitis Palatine media ______ tonsils treated -_______with Lingual antibiotics __________, or tonsils tonsilectomy ____________ 5. Teeth -________ hardest __________ structures in the _____; body considered ____ not __________ part of ____ skeletal _______ system ________ A. Mouth 5. Teeth -____ two _____ sets _____during form ____________ development deciduous ______ teeth _____ form and -________ primary (__________) ______ erupt through the _____, gums or _______, gingiva between the ______ ages of __ 6 ________ months and __ 4 ______ years Partially dissected child’s skull revealing deciduous teeth in place and permanent teeth developing in the maxillae and the mandible 10 _______ primary _____ teeth in _____ each ____ jaw _______ consist of -___ __ 2 _______ central ________, incisors __ 2 ______ lateral ________, incisors __ 2 _______ cuspids (_______), canines __ 2 _____ first _______ molars and __ 2 _______ second ________, molars for ___ 20 ______ total permanent _____ teeth _____ begin ________ erupting at ____ age __ 6 -__________ finish between ____ ages ___-___ 17 25 with ______ third and ______ molars (_______ wisdom _____); teeth _________ impacted _______ wisdom _______ teeth _______ result when ______ third _______ molars become ______ ___________ abnormally _______, wedged ____ fail to ______ erupt and are __________ surgically ________ removed (or ______) pulled A. Mouth Enamel 5. Teeth -_____ each ______ tooth ________ consists of __ 2 ______ major _______; portions the ______, crown which ________ projects above the _____ gum _____, line and the _____, root which is _________ anchored to the ________ alveolar __________ processes in the _________ mandible and the maxillae _________ Dentin Crown Pulp cavity Gingiva Root Alveolar process Root canal Cementum Periodontal ligament A. Mouth 5. Teeth a. enamel -______ made of ________ calcium ______, salts ________ hardest __________ substance in the _______ human _____, body ______ covers the ______ crown of the ______ tooth wears _____ away with ____ age and _________ abrasive -_______ action or _______ injury and is ____ not ________ replaced _______ bone like ________ material _______ making ___ up _____ most b. dentin -_____-_____ tooth _____ lies under _______ enamel and of the ______, surrounds the _____ pulp _______ cavity __________ cavities ______ holes in the ________and enamel dentin of a Rx – Dental Caries -________; _______ tooth _______ caused by _________ bacteria ______ -_________ bacteria ___________ metabolize _______ sugars left on ______ teeth to produce _____, acids which _______ destroy _______ enamel and ______ dentin ________ -__________ prevented by ________ regular _________ brushing and ________, flossing sealants and ________, fluoride which is dental ________, _______ incorporated enamel and ______ makes it _________ stronger ____________into _______ A. Mouth 5. Teeth c. pulp cavity -________ contains the ______ blood _______ vessels and ______ nerves which ______ supply the ______ tooth in _______ tubular _____ root _______, canals and the __________ connective ______ tissue _____ pulp inflammation gingiva due to the _____________ accumulation Rx – Gingivitis -__________ __ of the _______ of _______, plaque a _______ sticky _____ film of _________ bacteria which ________ produce _______ toxins that ________ damage _____ gum _______ tissue -_____ gums become ____ red and ________ swollen and ______ bleed _______ easily -can be _________ reversed by _________ brushing and _________ flossing Rx – Periodontitis -_____ gum ________; disease _______ plaque builds up and _________ hardens calculus (______), tartar ______ gums ______, recede _________ infection into _________ spreads into _____ bone of _________ alveolar __________ processes and ________ ___________ periodontal _________; ligament ______ teeth become ______ loose and may need to be __________; extracted _________ leading _______ cause of ______ tooth ______ loss A. Mouth Central incisor Lateral incisor 5. Teeth -______ begin ___________ mechanical __________ digestion by ________ breaking _____ food into ________ smaller _______ pieces to ________ increase ________ surface _____ area to _______ speed up __________ upcoming enzymatic __________ chemical _________ reactions __________ a. incisors -_______-_______ chisel shaped ________ cutting ______ teeth for _______ biting off ______ large _______ pieces of _____ food Central incisor Lateral incisor Central incisor Central incisor Lateral incisor Lateral incisor A. Mouth Central incisor 5. Teeth b. cuspids (canines) -_____-_______ cone shaped ______ teeth for grasping and _______ tearing _____ food _________ Lateral incisor Cuspid Cuspid Central incisor Lateral incisor Cuspid Lateral incisor Central incisor Central incisor Lateral incisor Cuspid A. Mouth Central incisor Lateral incisor Cuspid 5. Teeth c. bicuspids and molars -______ teeth with _________ flattened surfaces for _________ grinding _________ First premolar ______ food (bicuspid) Second premolar (bicuspid) Cuspid First molar Second molar Central incisor Lateral incisor Second premolar (bicuspid) Third molar Third molar Second premolar (bicuspid) Cuspid Lateral incisor Second molar First molar First premolar (bicuspid) First premolar Central Central (bicuspid) incisor incisor Lateral incisor First molar Cuspid A. Mouth 6. Salivary glands -________ secrete _______ saliva to ________ moisten _____ food _________, particles ______ bind them _________, together and ______ begin the _________ chemical _________ digestion carbohydrates of _____________ -______ saliva _____as acts a _______ solvent to _______ dissolve __________ substances in _____ food so that they can be _______ tasted -_______ contains __________ bicarbonate (______) HCO3- _____, ions which ______ buffer the ___ pH of ______ saliva to keep it _______ neutral and _________ neutralize the _____ pH of _____ acidic _____ foods to _______ protect _____ teeth ___ -_______ serous ______ cells ________ produce ________ watery __________ secretions __________ containing the _______ enzyme _________ salivary ________ amylase which _______ splits starch glycogen into ___________ dissacharides _____ and ________ -_______ mucous ____ cells _______ produce ______ mucus to bind ____ and ________ lubricate ____ food for ___________ swallowing A. Mouth Parotid gland 6. Salivary glands -_____ three _____ pairs of _____ major _______ salivary ______ glands a. Parotid glands -_______ largest of the _______ salivary ______ glands -_______ secrete a _______ watery _______ saliva _____ rich in ________ amylase through the _________ Stensen’s _____ duct just _________ opposite the ______ upper _______ second ______ molar Rx – Infectious Parotitis -______; mumps caused by Parotid ____ viral _________ infection of (Stensen’s) duct the ______ parotid _______ salivary Tongue _______ glands Mandible -can ______ spread to _____ other ______ ducted ______ glands like pancreas or the the ________ testicles ________ -__________ vaccinated against with the _____ MMR A. Mouth Parotid gland 6. Salivary glands a. Submandibular glands -_______ secrete a _______ saliva that is half _______ serous and about _____ half ________ mucous through _____ the __________ Wharton’s _____ duct under the _______ tongue near the _______ lingual _________ frenulum Parotid (Stensen’s) duct Tongue Mandible Submandibular (Wharton’s) duct Submandibular gland A. Mouth 6. Salivary glands a. Sublingual glands -________ secrete a _______ saliva that is _______ mostly ______ mucus through _____ many ______, small _________ separate ______ ducts Rivinus’s ______ ducts called _________ Parotid gland Parotid (Stensen’s) duct Tongue Mandible Sublingual gland Submandibular (Wharton’s) duct Submandibular gland B. Pharynx -throat 1. Nasopharynx -lies _________ superiorly to the _____ soft _______ palate -____________ passageway for ____ air lying between ______ nasal _______ cavity and ___________ oropharynx auditory (___________) Eustachian _____ tube opens -_________ wall of ___________ nasopharynx through _____ Opening of Auditory (Eustachian) tube Nasopharyx B. Pharynx 2. Oropharynx -lies __________ inferiorly to the _____ soft _______ palate and __________ superiorly to the ___________ epiglottis -___________ passageway for ____ air lying between the _____ oral _______ cavity and the _______; larynx ___________ passageway for _____ food lying between ______ oral _______ cavity and _______________ laryngopharynx Opening of Auditory (Eustachian) tube Nasopharyx Oropharyx B. Pharynx 3. Laryngopharynx -lies __________ inferiorly to the ___________ oropharynx from the ______ upper _______of border the __________ epiglottis to the ______ lower _______ border of the ________ cricoid __________ cartilage food lying between passageway for _____ -___________ the ___________ oropharynx and the __________ esophagus Opening of Auditory (Eustachian) tube Nasopharyx Oropharyx Laryngopharyx B. Pharynx -swallowing mechanism Figure 17.14a forces _____ food into the _________. pharynx 1. The _______ tongue _______ B. Pharynx -swallowing mechanism Figure 17.14b 2. The _____ soft _______, palate ______, hyoid and _______ larynx are _______, raised the epiglottis _______, closes tonguesoft pressed against the _______, palate the __________ _______ is ________ inferior ___________ constrictor _________ muscles ______ relax so that the and the _________ ___________ esophagus _______. opens B. Pharynx -swallowing mechanism Figure 17.14c 3. _________ Superior ___________ constrictor _________ muscles _________ contract and ______ force _____ food esophagus into the __________. B. Pharynx -swallowing mechanism 4. ___________ Peristaltic _______ waves ______ move _____ food through the __________ esophagus and into the ________. stomach C. Esophagus -________ smooth _______ muscle _____ tube _______ acting as a ____________ passageway for _____ food lying between the _______________ laryngopharynx and the _________ stomach passes through the ____________ mediastinum between the -_______ ______ lungs and through an ________ opening in the ___________ diaphragm called the ___________ esophageal _______ hiatus cardiac _________ sphincter _________ normally - ___________(________) esophageal ___________ constricted to ________ prevent _____________ regurgitation of _________ stomach _____ acid into the __________ esophagus Esophagus Esophageal hiatus Diaphragm Stomach C. Esophagus inflammation Rx – Heartburn -_____________of the ___________ esophageal ________ mucosa caused by ____ acid ______ stomach into the __________ esophagus reflux from the ________ caused by ___________, overeating ______ eating ______ spicy _____, foods _____ lying -_______ ______ down ______ right after _______, eating or _______ quickly eating too _______ increased _____ -________ caffeine __________ stimulates __________ acid __________ production cigarette ________ smoking and ________ alcohol ______ irritate the ________ stomach -________ ______ lining and ______ relax the ___________ esophageal _________, sphincter __________ increasing the _________ liklihood of _____ acid _______ reflux treated antacids which _______ buffer _____ acid -_______with _________, CaCO3 ______ ______ 2 HCl __ + ______ CaCl2 __ + ______ H2CO3 _____ H2O __ + _____ CO2 NaHCO3 ______ ______ 2 HCl __ + _______ NaCl +__ ______ H2CO3 _____ H2O +__ CO ____ 2 Rx – Hiatal hernia -___________ protrusion of ______ part of the ________ stomach through the ___________ esophageal _______ hiatus into the _______ thorax -_______ causes __________, heartburn _________ difficulty in ___________, swallowing ____________ esophageal ______, ulcer ______ blood _____, loss and _____________ predisposition to ____________ esophageal _______ cancer D. Stomach -_________, J-shaped __________ pouchlike ______ organ with a _________ capacity of about __ 1 ______ liter or _____ more -_____ inner ______ lining _______ marked with _____ thick _____ folds _______ called _____, rugae which ______ stretch out ___ flat as _______ stomach is ________ distended -_____ food ______ enters the ________ stomach when _________ peristaltic ______ waves of the __________ esophagus cause the ___________ esophageal _________ sphincter to ______ relax Esophageal sphincter -________ divided into ____ four _______: regions Fundic region ________ cardiac _______, region _______ fundic _______, region Esophagus body and _____, _______ pyloric ______ region Cardiac region Body region Pyloric sphincter Duodenum Rugae Pyloric region Stomach D. Stomach -______ inner _______ lining contains _______ gastric _______, glands which ________ produce and _______ secrete _______ gastric _____, juice a _______ mixture of ____________ hydrochloric ____, acid ______, mucus and the _______ enzyme ______ pepsin -______ pepsin is ________ activated by ___________ hydrochloric ____ acid and ______ begins the ________ digestion of ______ nearly ___ all _____ types of ______ dietary _______ protein -_____ large ________ amounts of ________ alkaline ______ mucus in ______ gastric _____ juice _____ coat and _______ protect the ______ lining of the ________ stomach to _______ prevent ______ pepsin from _________ digesting the ________ stomach _____ itself -_________ peristaltic ______ waves of ___________ contractions ____ mix _____ foods with _______ gastric _____ juice to _______ produce ______, chyme which is ______ moved ___ _______ on to _____ small ________ intestine after about __ 1 ____ hour on average -________ absorbs ______ water and ______-________ water soluble _________, substances While both carbohydrates _________ ________ including alcohol and proteins have begun to chemically digest and move through the stomach quickly, fatty foods may take from 3-6 hours to move out of the stomach, so after eating fatty foods it may take longer to “feel” hungry D. Stomach Rx – Peptic ulcers -_______, gastritis or ____________ inflammation of the ______of lining the _______ _______ stomach leading to the ____________of development _____ open ______ sores (_______) ulcers -______ caused by ______________ overproduction of ____________ hydrochloric _____ acid brought on by _____ poor _____ stress ________ diet and _______, treated with ______acid _________ lowering ______ drugs infection ________ bacteria ____________ Helicobacter -many caused by ________of ______, treated with ____________ antibiotics and _____ acid pylori ________ -_________ lowering ______ drugs E. Pancreas -has both _________ endocrine (________) ductless ______ gland ________ functions and _________ exocrine (_______) ducted ______ gland __________ functions D. Stomach Rx – Peptic ulcers -_______, gastritis or ____________ inflammation of the ______of lining the _______ _______ stomach leading to the ____________of development _____ open ______ sores (_______) ulcers -______ caused by ______________ overproduction of ____________ hydrochloric _____ acid brought on by _____ poor _____ stress ________ diet and _______, treated with ______acid _________ lowering ______ drugs infection ________ bacteria ____________ Helicobacter -many caused by ________of ______, treated with ____________ antibiotics and _____ acid pylori ________ -_________ lowering ______ drugs Child showing the distended stomach and fatty liver characteristic of kwashiorkor, caused from protein deficiency accompanied by caloric sufficiency. The stomach is swollen from edema. E. Pancreas -has both _________ endocrine (________) ductless ______ gland ________ functions and _________ exocrine (_______) ducted ______ gland __________ functions E. Pancreas 3 _________ hormones from 1. Endocrine functions -_________ secretes __ _______ Islets of ___________, Langerhans or ___________ pancreatic ______ islets ,which are ________ groups of ______ cells __________ clustered blood ________ vessels lying around ______ pancreas between the ducts _____ of the ________ Pancreas E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions a. alpha cells -_______ secrete ________, glucagon which _________ stimulates the ______ liver to ______ break _____ down _________ glycogen into ________ glucose (_____________), glycogenolysis to ________ convert ________________ noncarbohydrates like ______ amino ____ acids into glucose (______________), glyconeogenesis and to _____ break ________ ______ down ____ fats into ____ fatty _____ acids and _______ glycerol b. beta cells -_______ secrete _______, insulin which __________ stimulates the ____ liver to _____ form ________ glycogen from _______ glucose and inhibits ________ glucose __________ formation from ____non _______ _____________, carbohydrates _________ promotes __________ facilitated _________ diffusion of ________ glucose into _______ adipose ____ cells and ______ cardiac and ________ skeletal _______ muscle _____, cells _________ promotes _________ transport of ______ amino ____ acids into cells to ________ increase _______ protein ________, synthesis and _____ __________ stimulates ________ adipose _____ cells to _________ synthesize and ______ store ____ fat E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions b. beta cells Rx – Diabetes Type I -_______-_________ insulin dependent _______ diabetes _______, mellitus also has been _____ called “_______ juvenile _____” onset ________, diabetes _____ onset is usually before ___ age ___ 20 -______ makes up _____ 15% of all ________ diabetes ______ cases -an ___________ autoimmune ________ disease in which a ______ virus ________ attacks the _____ beta ______ cells of the ______ Islets of ___________, Langerhans __________ destroying _____ them and ________ halting ________ insulin ___________ production -without _______, insulin _______ glucose is not _____ taken ___ up by _______ adipose and _______ muscle _____, cells ________ glycogen _________ formation is ________, inhibited and _______ glucose ___________ accumulates in the _____ blood (_____________) hyperglycemia until ________ excreted by _______, kidneys _______ forming ____ new _____________ concentration gradient for ______, water and ______ water _______ follows ________ glucose into ________ ______, urine causing _________ increased _________ frequency of __________ urination and ___________ dehydration and _______ thirst E. Pancreas Rx – Diabetes 1. Endocrine functions b. beta cells Type I -without ________, insulin ________ protein _________ synthesis __________ decreases and ________ tissues ______ waste _____ away as ______ cells use _______ protein for ______ energy -without ________, insulin ____ fat is not ___________ synthesized or _______ stored and _____ fatty ______ acids ______ build ___ up in the _____, blood along with _______ ketones from ____ fat ___________, metabolism which are _________ excreted from the kidneys and the ______ lungs as ________ sodium ______ salts (_______ causes ________ fruity smelling _______), breath causing _________ acidosis ______-_________ -_____ left _________, untreated ________ results in _____ coma and ______ death from ____________ dehydration and _________ acidosis -_______ treated with _____ daily _________ injections of _______ human ________ insulin _____________ manufactured by __________-___________ genetically engineered _________ bacteria E. _____), coli or _________ harvested from the _________ slaughter of ______ cattle or (__ swine __________ potential for a _________ patient’s own _____ stem ______ cells to _______, be ______ grown in ________ culture and ________ infused into _____ body ______ later E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions b. beta cells Rx – Diabetes Type II -___________-__________ noninsulin dependent _________ diabetes _________ mellitus -________ usually begins __________, gradually in _______ people over ____ age ___ 40 -______ cells _____________ progressively _____ lose ________ insulin __________ receptors and become _____ less _____ able to ________ respond to ________ normal ________ insulin _______, levels or ________ pancreas ________ produces too ______ little ________ insulin -________ genetic _________, tendency ____________ compounded by a _________ lifestyle of overeating and _______________ underexercising ___________ endemic in the _____, U.S. _______ second ________-________ fastest growing -_________ health _____ risk in _________, America after ________ obesity _______ -________ treated by ________ weight _____ loss and _________, exercise modification of _____ diet to ______ avoid ______ foods that ________ stimulate _____________ insulin ___________ production (_______ sugars and _________) starches ________ E. Pancreas 1. Endocrine functions b. beta cells Rx – Hypoglycemia -____ low _______ blood ________ glucose _______ levels due to ______________ overproduction of ________ insulin -causes _________ episodes of __________, weakness __________, shakiness and _______ anxiety -______ treated by ______ small _________ frequent ______ meals ____ low in _____________ carbohydrates and _____ high in ________ protein secrete ____________, somatostatin which _____ helps c. delta cells -________ regulate ________ glucose ___________ metabolism by _________ inhibiting _________ secretion of _________ glucogon __________ and ________ insulin secretes __________ pancreatic ______ juice 2. Exocrine functions -_________ pancreatic _____ duct into through ___________ duodenum of ______ small _________ intestine __________ E. Pancreas Duodenum 2. Exocrine functions -_________ pancreatic _____ juice contains __________ pancreatic ________ amylase to _____ split _________ molecules of ______ starch and _________ glycogen disaccharides __________ pancreatic into ____________, Pyloric sphincter lipase to _____ break down ___________, triglycerides ______ Pancreatic _____ fatty _____ acids and ______________, monoglycerides Islets _______, trypsin ____________, chymotrypsin and Pancreas ________________ carboxypeptidase to ______ break ______ down ________ proteins into ______ amino ______, acids and nuclease to ______ break ______ down _______ nucleic ________ ______ acids into ___________ nucleotides Pancreatic duct -__________ pancreatic ______ juice contains _____ high _______________ concentrations of ___________ bicarbonate ______ ions to __________ neutralize _______ acidic chyme _________ arriving from ________ stomach _______ prevent ______ pepsin from ________ digesting and ________ the _________ duodenal ______ wall E. Pancreas Rx – Cystic fibrosis -an ___________ autosomal __________ recessive ________, disease _____ most _________ common in ___________ Caucasians -_________ recessive _____ gene _____ codes for ______ faulty ________ carrier ________ protein for the ________ chloride ____ ion in _______ certain _____, cells ________ causing the ________ chloride ____ ion to be ________ retained in ________ certain _____, cells which _______ creates a _____________ concentration ________ gradient that ______ draws ______ water into the _____ cells -_______ mucus ___________ secretions of the _____ lungs and _________ pancreas _____ dry ___ out and become ______, sticky ________ plugging up the _______, organs ____________ encouraging _________, infection and causing _____________ malnutrition treated with _________ digestive ________ enzyme _____________ supplements -_______ E. Pancreas Rx – Cystic fibrosis ♂ ♀ C c C CC Cc c Cc cc If Cybill, who does not have cystic fibrosis but her father does, and Cyrus, who is heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis gene, have 7 children, how many, according to the odds, should have cystic 1 x 7 = 2 fibrosis? 4
