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Skeletal System Study List Labs 4 & 5 key: blue: bone vocabulary orange bone feature vocabulary classify be able to classify each bone as long, short, irregular, flat microscopic bone structure osteon lacuna where are the osteocytes located? Canaliculi Interstitial lamellae Concentric lamellae Haversion (central) canal Volkmanns canal Periosteum (outer coating) Endosteum (inner lining) descriptive bone terms: These nouns are commonly used, in different anatomical places articulation: where two or more structures, bones in this case, make contact/ articulate openings foramen: an opening or hole in the bone meatus: an opening or canal fissure: narrow slit-like opening sinus: cavity filled with air hollows and grooves groove: furrow fossa: an indentation, hollow or depression facet: smooth flat articular surface projections condyle (& epicondyle): rounded projections. “epi-” implies a condyle “on” or “over” something process: a projection or outgrowth ramus: arm-like projection spine: sharp pointed projection crest: ridge of bone line: smaller ridge trochanter: large prominent process tubercle: small rounded projection tuberosity: large round projection Axial Skeleton: skull, vertebrae, ribs Ribs true ribs false ribs (attach to cartilage of rib #7 instead of sternum) floating ribs (11 and 12) articular facets for ribs on thoracic vertebrae (between vertebrae, and on transverse processes) Sternum manubrium body of sternum xyphoid process Hyoid bone Know it exists! Vertebrae General features – you should be able to identify who is atlas, axis, cervical, thoracic and lumbar – cervical: have holes in the transverse process – thoracic: giraffe – Lumbar: moose How many of each are there? -Breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, dinner at 5. On each vertebrae know: Body spinous process transverse process transverse foramen (only in cervical) sacral canal sacral foramen vertebral curvatures (convex or concave in cervical, lumbar, area etc) Groups cervical (C1 - C7) - defined by the transverse foramina (transverse foramen, singular) on either side that accommodate the vertebral arteries. - These vertebrae are smaller since they carry less weight atlas (C1) articulates with the occipital condyles – the “YES” joint for nodding the head axis (C2) the atlas swivels around the dens, or odontoid process, allowing you to say “NO” with your head thoracic (T1 - T12) - number defined by rib attachment. - We have 12 ribs so 12 thoracic vertebrae - giraffe lumbar (L1 - L5) - massive in size - moose sacral (S1 - S5) - these are fused to provide rigidity to pelvic girdle coccygeal/ coccyx (C1 – C5) tail vertebrae of animals The skull frontal bone glabella supra-orbital foramen parietal bone occipital bone foramen magnum (hole for brainstem/spinal cord) occipital condyles (what articulates there?) nuchal lines (lines visible on back of bald mans head) temporal bone petrous region/process (hearing, balance) internal acoustic meatus (“meatus” means opening .. vestibulocochlear, or auditory nerve passes through this) carotid canal and artery just anterior to the petrous process jugular foramen just posterior to the petrous process, jugular vein exits through this external auditory meatus or auditory canal (into which you put your Q-tips) mandibular fossa mastoid process zygomatic process mandibular process styloid process ethmoid bone (in the cranium – visible in the nasal septum and forms the conchae) crista galli (the dura mater attaches here) makes the upper part of nasal septum sphenoid bone (note it on the side of the skull, in the eye socket as well) sella turcica (Turkish saddle in which the pituitary glands rests) hypophyseal fossa (the depression in the middle of the saddle!) optic canal (for optic nerves) greater wings lesser wings pteregoid process superior orbital fissure (for muscles that move the eye) vomer makes the lower part of nasal septum nasal bone palatine bone (rear part of palate) zygomatic bone (cheek bones) zygomatic arch (anterior part) lacrimal bone lacrimal canals (tears come through here!) maxilla anterior part of palate inferior orbital fissure infraorbital foramen conchae (ridges formed by ethmoid and maxilla) mandible alveolar margin mandibular condyle coronoid process Skull sutures coronal sagittal lambdoidal frontonasal squamosal Long bones - Where is spongy? - Where is compact? - Epiphysis - Diaphysis - Articular cartilage - Epiphyseal line - Medullary cavity - Periosteum - Endosteum - Sharpey’s fibers - Red marrow - Yellow marrow Appendicular skeleton (girdles and limbs) a. pectoral girdle: arm accommodation The clavicle and scapula hold the arm scapula humerus glenoid cavity acromion process (clavicle attachment) acromial end of clavicle sternal end of clavicle coracoid process scapular spine borders: lateral, medial, superior b. pelvic girdle: weight-bearing, leg accommodation sacral vertebrae for strength & rigidity Know the difference between a male and female pelvis os coxa: three fused bones (know them separately) ilium iliac crest sacroiliac joint ischium pubis pubic symphysis acetabulum (the “socket” contributed to by all three bones - note freedom of opening for leg movement) General pelvis markings sciatic notches obturator foramen pubic crest iliac crest ischial tuberosity c. arms upper arm: humerus head neck epicondyles (medial and lateral) olcranon fossa (accommodates o. process) trochlea coronoid fossa capitulum forearm: ulna olcranon process coronoid process radius head interosseous membrane lies between the radius and ulna like the cloth web of a stretcher hand: carpals - Know names!! - Paid the loan so take the car home metacarpals phalages d. legs femur head of the femur greater and lesser trochanters greater and lesser tuburcle medial and lateral condyles patella tibia fibula (is it on the lateral or medial side of tibia?) foot: note where the tibia articulates tarsals - talus - calcaneus - cuboids and cuneiforms metatarsals phalages: proximal, medial/intermediate, distal (note thumb and big toe fusions)