Download Skeletal System Study List

Skeletal System Study List
Labs 4 & 5
key:
blue: bone vocabulary
orange bone feature vocabulary
classify
be able to classify each bone as long, short, irregular, flat
microscopic bone structure
osteon
lacuna
where are the osteocytes located?
Canaliculi
Interstitial lamellae
Concentric lamellae
Haversion (central) canal
Volkmanns canal
Periosteum (outer coating)
Endosteum (inner lining)
descriptive bone terms: These nouns are commonly used, in different anatomical places
articulation: where two or more structures, bones in this case, make contact/ articulate
openings
foramen: an opening or hole in the bone
meatus: an opening or canal
fissure: narrow slit-like opening
sinus: cavity filled with air
hollows and grooves
groove: furrow
fossa: an indentation, hollow or depression
facet: smooth flat articular surface
projections
condyle (& epicondyle): rounded projections. “epi-” implies a condyle “on” or “over” something
process: a projection or outgrowth
ramus: arm-like projection
spine: sharp pointed projection
crest: ridge of bone
line: smaller ridge
trochanter: large prominent process
tubercle: small rounded projection
tuberosity: large round projection
Axial Skeleton: skull, vertebrae, ribs
Ribs
true ribs
false ribs
(attach to cartilage of rib #7 instead of sternum)
floating ribs (11 and 12)
articular facets for ribs on thoracic vertebrae (between vertebrae, and on transverse processes)
Sternum
manubrium
body of sternum
xyphoid process
Hyoid bone
Know it exists!
Vertebrae
General features
– you should be able to identify who is atlas, axis, cervical, thoracic and lumbar
– cervical: have holes in the transverse process
– thoracic: giraffe
– Lumbar: moose
How many of each are there?
-Breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, dinner at 5.
On each vertebrae know:
Body
spinous process
transverse process
transverse foramen (only in cervical)
sacral canal
sacral foramen
vertebral curvatures (convex or concave in cervical, lumbar, area etc)
Groups
cervical (C1 - C7)
- defined by the transverse foramina (transverse foramen, singular) on either side that accommodate the
vertebral arteries.
- These vertebrae are smaller since they carry less weight
atlas (C1) articulates with the occipital condyles – the “YES” joint for nodding the head
axis (C2) the atlas swivels around the dens, or odontoid process, allowing you to say “NO” with your
head
thoracic (T1 - T12)
- number defined by rib attachment.
- We have 12 ribs so 12 thoracic vertebrae
- giraffe
lumbar (L1 - L5)
- massive in size
- moose
sacral (S1 - S5)
- these are fused to provide rigidity to pelvic girdle
coccygeal/ coccyx (C1 – C5)
tail vertebrae of animals
The skull
frontal bone
glabella
supra-orbital foramen
parietal bone
occipital bone
foramen magnum (hole for brainstem/spinal cord)
occipital condyles (what articulates there?)
nuchal lines (lines visible on back of bald mans head)
temporal bone
petrous region/process (hearing, balance)
internal acoustic meatus (“meatus” means opening .. vestibulocochlear, or auditory nerve passes
through this)
carotid canal and artery just anterior to the petrous process
jugular foramen just posterior to the petrous process, jugular vein exits through this
external auditory meatus or auditory canal (into which you put your Q-tips)
mandibular fossa
mastoid process
zygomatic process
mandibular process
styloid process
ethmoid bone (in the cranium – visible in the nasal septum and forms the conchae)
crista galli (the dura mater attaches here)
makes the upper part of nasal septum
sphenoid bone (note it on the side of the skull, in the eye socket as well)
sella turcica (Turkish saddle in which the pituitary glands rests)
hypophyseal fossa (the depression in the middle of the saddle!)
optic canal (for optic nerves)
greater wings
lesser wings
pteregoid process
superior orbital fissure (for muscles that move the eye)
vomer
makes the lower part of nasal septum
nasal bone
palatine bone (rear part of palate)
zygomatic bone (cheek bones)
zygomatic arch (anterior part)
lacrimal bone
lacrimal canals (tears come through here!)
maxilla
anterior part of palate
inferior orbital fissure
infraorbital foramen
conchae (ridges formed by ethmoid and maxilla)
mandible
alveolar margin
mandibular condyle
coronoid process
Skull sutures
coronal
sagittal
lambdoidal
frontonasal
squamosal
Long bones
- Where is spongy?
- Where is compact?
- Epiphysis
- Diaphysis
- Articular cartilage
- Epiphyseal line
- Medullary cavity
- Periosteum
- Endosteum
- Sharpey’s fibers
- Red marrow
- Yellow marrow
Appendicular skeleton (girdles and limbs)
a. pectoral girdle: arm accommodation
The clavicle and scapula hold the arm
scapula
humerus
glenoid cavity
acromion process (clavicle attachment)
acromial end of clavicle
sternal end of clavicle
coracoid process
scapular spine
borders: lateral, medial, superior
b. pelvic girdle: weight-bearing, leg accommodation
sacral vertebrae for strength & rigidity
Know the difference between a male and female pelvis
os coxa: three fused bones (know them separately)
ilium
iliac crest
sacroiliac joint
ischium
pubis
pubic symphysis
acetabulum (the “socket” contributed to by all three bones - note freedom of opening for leg movement)
General pelvis markings
sciatic notches
obturator foramen
pubic crest
iliac crest
ischial tuberosity
c. arms
upper arm:
humerus
head
neck
epicondyles (medial and lateral)
olcranon fossa (accommodates o. process)
trochlea
coronoid fossa
capitulum
forearm:
ulna
olcranon process
coronoid process
radius
head
interosseous membrane lies between the radius and ulna like the cloth web of a stretcher
hand:
carpals
- Know names!!
- Paid the loan so take the car home
metacarpals
phalages
d. legs
femur
head of the femur
greater and lesser trochanters
greater and lesser tuburcle
medial and lateral condyles
patella
tibia
fibula (is it on the lateral or medial side of tibia?)
foot:
note where the tibia articulates
tarsals
- talus
- calcaneus
- cuboids and cuneiforms
metatarsals
phalages: proximal, medial/intermediate, distal (note thumb and big toe fusions)