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For Chapter 1 Invasion Biology Match the appropriate South African example to each category of species. Casual alien species chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) Invasive alien species European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), roseringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) Naturalised species grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)? Indigenous species redwing starling (Onychognathus morio) Feral species cat (Felis silvestris catus) feral pigeon (Columba livia) For Chapter 2 Invasion Biology Fill in the blank. Select the appropriate term. Between 1820 and 1930, European migration with its associated movement of species was promoted by the … steamship steamer steam-powered ship steamboat vs. train, sailing ship, automobile, carriage For Biodiversity Chapter 7 Select the options that correctly complete the following sentence. Peer review is there to attempt to ensure … accuracy a quality standard for research in the field Distracters ideological uniformity cronyism theft of ideas Give a term for a means of assigning importance to items of a specified category. prioritization scheme, prioritization Give a term for a means of making certain that all the parts of a whole are considered. representation scheme, representation For Biodiversity Chapter 3 The introduction of a natural enemy (predator, parasite or disease) to control an invasive alien species. biological control The use of biological organisms or their products (enzymes) to remove or detoxify contaminants from hazardous waste and contaminated soil or water. bioremediation The use of plants to extract minerals. phytomining The natural organisms used to indicate environmental quality. bioindicators Select the traits that an ideal ecotour should possess. It should not cause ecological damage It should provide income for local people to motivate them to preserve wildlife. It should provide funds for field conservation. It should use foreign owned facilities. It should not involve the local people. Which of the following questions help you to determine if an ecotour harms the environment? too complicated Which of the following questions can be used to evaluate the environmental impacts of ecotours? Where is the tour going? (possibly – sensitive area likely to do harm?) How long is the tour? (possibly – longer more likely high impact?) How much does the tour cost? (possibly – cost of facilities reflects harm done?) What precautions are taken to reduce the tour’s impact on local ecosystems? harm How much time is spent in the field, versus in the city or traveling in a vehicle? What happens to the tour’s garbage? harm What percentage of the people involved in planning, organizing, and guiding tours are local? social, harm Are the guides trained naturalists? quality, harm? Will you stay in locally owned hotels or other facilities, or will you be staying in accommodations owned by national or international companies? social Does the tour operation respect local customs and cultures? If so, how? social What percentage of the tour’s gross income goes into the salaries and businesses of local residents? social, harm What percentage of the tour’s gross income does the tour company donate to local conservation and social projects? benefit conservation For Biodiversity Chapter 6 Before speciation can bring about the recovery of biodiversity after a mass extinction, the … of the mass extinction must dissipate. cause result time impact shock Why are fossils not found in igneous rocks? Igneous rocks form from magma from below the earth’s crust. Igneous rocks never occur on the surface. Igneous rocks only form at high altitudes. Igneous rocks provide habitats for detritivores so no remains are left to fossilize. Igneous rocks do not weather. What makes fossils unrecognisable in metamorphic rocks? the temperature and/or pressure that formed the metamorphic rock. What is erosion? What is metamorphosis? Which of the following are tetrapods? reptiles mammals birds ticks spiders The process by which rocks, soils and their minerals disintegrate in situ through contact with the atmosphere is known as … weathering Extinction debt refers to … the fact that the majority of extinctions caused by habitat loss occur long after the habitat was destroyed. a fee companies must pay if they cause a species to become extinct. the growing environmental problems caused by extinctions that will eventually harm humanity. the price the biosphere is going to exact from humanity because of the extinctions humans have caused. Which of the following gasses must be absent for fossilization to occur? oxygen hydrogen nitrogen carbon dioxide nitrous oxide For Conservation Biology Chapter 7 A group of interacting individuals of a given species that live in a specific geographic area at one time. population A unit made up of a number of spatially separated, extinction-prone local populations (or subpopulations) that are linked by migration. metapopulation A unit that has at least one large stable population that is not likely to become extinct which provides immigrants to other habitat fragments that may be more extinction prone. mainland-island metapopulation A unit that has some populations with a growth rate that exceeds the capacity of the habitat forcing emigration to other populations which have a higher mortality rate than birth rate. source-sink metapopulation A unit that is the result of recent habitat fragmentation and may not survive as no equilibrium exists between colonisations and extinctions and the development of such an equilibrium is not guaranteed. non-equilibrium metapopulation Which of the following is potentially temporary because of its unnatural origin? nonequilibrium metapopulation classical metapopulation mainland-island metapopulation source-sink metapopulation population A risk assessment for populations or species based on empirical data that estimates the probability (risk) of extinction for one or all populations of the specific species for a selected time interval. population viability analysis The lowest number of individuals needed to ensure that a population has a selected probability of survival for a set time period without significant loss of evolutionary adaptability. minimum viable population The size of an ideal population that is genetically influenced by random genetic drift in the same measure as the actual population (N). effective population size A population in which mating is random and the variation in individual progeny (offspring) numbers is random. For animals, a 1:1 sex ratio exists and for plants, all individuals reproduce sexually and are diploid and bisexual, simultaneously producing female and male gametes with a self-fertilization rate of 1/Ne. an ideal population For Conservation Biology Chapter 1 Conservation is for all people so it must involve that which governs society meaning ... politics society all people Which philosophy of conservation … only three options and too long for FiB romantic – transcendental ethic preservationist or conservationist or resource conservation ethic evolutionary - ecological land ethic roman – transcendance ethic resource manipulation ethic evolving systems ethic spiritual ascendance ethic Which of the following organisations was not involved in the development of the World Conservation Strategy? World Conservation Union (IUCN) Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) World Trade Organization (WTO) What is the conservation goal of the principle of (evolutionary change, dynamic ecology, human change)? What conservation goal is derived from the principle of … to allow populations to change in response to environmental changes through adaptations the integration of non-equilibrium processes within a hierarchy of species interactions the integration of humans into conservation practice the eradication of extinction (1) the control of environmental change (1, 2) to control environmental change the prevention of species change (1) the control of species change (1) to control how the populations of a species change the identification of equilibria in the environment (2) the exclusion of humans from conservation practice (3) the isolation of conservation practice from society (3) to manipulate the environment for human gain (2, 3) to separate the living from the non-living (2) to exaggerate human impact on the environment (3) What is “Caring for the Earth”? a revised version of the World Conservation Strategy a product of the 1992 United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development a product of the 2002 United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development a book by Aldo Leopold an IUCN publication Which South African Universities have recognised nature reserves? University of the Western Cape Nelson Mandela Metropole University University of Cape Town University of Johannesburg University of KwaZulu Natal In the global political context, G8 refers to … Group of 8 industrialised countries Group of 8 Australian universities Gang of 8 = 8 leaders of the U.S. congress Subclass 8 of G-class stars Almaden Expressway, Santa Clara County Route G8 Which of the following countries belong to the G8? Which of the following countries do NOT belong to the G8? Russia Germany Japan Italy Spain Norway Australia China For Chapter 3 Invasion Biology What aspect of an alien species changes over time to a given interest group? The value of the alien species. The appearance of the alien species What affects the value of an alien species to a specific interest group? Time Which native species or category of species is harmed by each of the following invasive species? grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), Great Britain red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), South Africa Berg River redfin (Pseudobarbus burgi) feral pigs (Sus species), Australia southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), New Zealand forest species The control of which of the following invasive species is behind “Save the Red Squirrels” in Great Britain “Operation Forest Save” in New Zealand grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Great Britain Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) New Zealand feral pigs (Sus species) Australia cat (Felis silvestris catus) feral pigeon (Columba livia) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Chile red deer (Cervus elaphus) New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Australia mongoose (family Herpestidae) Hawaii house sparrow (Passer domesticus) North America fox (Vulpes vulpes) Australia cane toad (Bufo marinus) Australia Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) South Africa roseringed (or rose-ringed) Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) South Africa Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) South Africa platanna (Xenopus laevis) Britain Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) New Zealand black rat (Rattus rattus) Britain dingo (Canis lupus dingo) Australia Bryophyllum spp. Aus kudzu (Pueraria lobata) USA zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) USA red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Aus cane toad (Bufo marinus) Aus Which of the following species does not occur in urban areas? Problem not alien outside only. The conflict concerning the trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) is about … whether or not these swans bred in the eastern North America. eradication methods used on the species. For Biodiversity Chapter 1 The complexity of the concept of biodiversity cannot be reduced so biodiversity as a whole cannot be ... measured problem also affect ability to understand? The complexity of the concept of biodiversity cannot be reduced. This affects quantifying biodiversity… by making a single measure of biodiversity impossible. Match the appropriate term to each definition. the different forms of a gene alleles the building blocks of DNA and RNA nucleotides macromolecules of DNA containing genes chromosomes sections of DNA that code for other molecules genes For Biodiversity Chapter 4 Forms of estimation for species numbers. extrapolations from existing data extrapolations based on time-series of species descriptions extrapolations based on the proportions of species at different trophic levels extrapolations based on the inverse relationship between body size and number of species extrapolations based on specialist opinion Which form of estimating species numbers relies on personal knowledge and experience? extrapolations based on specialist opinion Which form of estimating species numbers may be an artifact of human effort? extrapolations based on time-series of species descriptions too general as a multiple choice because existing data also true. Maybe multiple response? Technically all are affected human error. Which form of estimating species numbers is based on what species eat? …how species get their food? extrapolations based on the proportions of species at different trophic levels Identify Erwin’s data/assumptions. One tree species (Luehea seemannii) had 955+ species of beetles excluding weevils. data There are about 50 000 tropical tree species. estimate Weevil numbers approximately equal leaf-beetles numbers. data About 13.5% of the total number of beetle species per tree canopy are host specific. assumption Beetles make up 40% of tropical canopy arthropods. assumption The forest canopy to forest floor ratio is 2:1. assumption What happens when the assumptions that an estimate is based on are changed? The estimate always stays the same. The estimate changes. The estimate always increases. The estimate always decreases. Match each species to the trait that makes it vulnerable to extinction. large size blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) migratory species greater striped swallows (Hirundo cucullata) colonial nesting habits Cape gannets (Sula capensis) feeding at a high trophic level Cape vultures (Gyps coprotheres) For Chapter 4 Invasion Biology How did the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) reach New Zealand? It was intentionally introduced to create a fur industry. It was intentionally introduced as a pet but some escaped. It was intentionally introduced for zoo specimens but some escaped. It was intentionally introduced as a biological control agent. It arrived accidentally as a hitchhiker species. Which of the following reasons for introducing alien species cannot be classified as horticultural? crop species plant species for soil stabilisation herbs for cooking medicinal herbs fish species for sport Which of the following was introduced to … for …? rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Chile for fishing red deer (Cervus elaphus) to New Zealand for hunting possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) to New Zealand for the fur trade. rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to Australia for food mongoose (family Herpestidae) to Hawaii for biological control house sparrow (Passer domesticus) to North America for fashion and aesthetics fox (Vulpes vulpes) to Australia for biological control cane toad (Bufo marinus) to Australia for biological control Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in South Africa for zoo specimens pig (Sus spp.) in Australia for agriculture roseringed (or rose-ringed) Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in South Africa for pets Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in South Africa for mariculture platanna (Xenopus laevis) in Britain for research Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) New Zealand black rat (Rattus rattus) Britain dingo (Canis lupus dingo) Australia Which of the following reasons for deliberately introducing species are (not) horticultural? hunting pets crops ornamental plants soil stabilisation After the introduction of an alien species, human actions can facilitate its spread. Human-made structures may provide the means to cross dispersal barriers (e.g. interbasin transfers, canals). Human alteration of habitats and changes in agricultural practices may also facilitate the spread of an alien species. Some species are able to spread on their own. Which of the following human actions may facilitate the spread of an introduced species? Changes in agriculture could also hinder. In which of the following cases is the invasion completely accidental with no intentional use of the species involved having been planned? species that contaminate seed crops species that escape from zoos species that escape from botanic gardens species that escape from agriculture species that escape from forestry species that escape from aquaculture For Chapter 11 Invasion Biology The International Maritime Organization has been working on the management of … ballast water Which of the following aims to promote cooperation between Canada, the USA and Mexico on environmental issues including invasive alien species? Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) World Health Organization (WHO) International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) The invasion of which species was foreseen in Australia but not prevented because the authorities were not required by law to act? Bryophyllum spp. kudzu (Pueraria lobata) zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) red fox (Vulpes vulpes) cane toad (Bufo marinus) Which of the following laws that apply to alien species belong(s) to (the USA, Australia, New Zealand)? National Invasive Species Act (NISA) of 1996 USA Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974 USA Lacey Act of 1900 USA Wildlife Protection Act of 1984 Australia Biosecurity Act of 1993 New Zealand Hazardous Substance and New Organisms Act of 1996 New Zealand Which of the following laws of the USA use blacklists? National Invasive Species Act (NISA) of 1996 USA Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974 USA Lacey Act of 1900 USA USA To which of the following does the pictured logo belong? Could not persuade picture to show – had to play with picture. Options use logo for CMS or CCAMLR. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) International Maritime Organization (IMO) Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) CAB International (CABI) Which international organisation dealing with invasive species produced the ‘A Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices’? International Maritime Organization (IMO) Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) What is the acronym for the international organisation dealing with invasive species that produced the ‘A Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices’? Which is not an initial pilot country for the Global Ballast Water Management Programme? South Africa Brazil China India Iran Ukraine Chile What is the abbreviation used for the group within the IUCN which produces a list of ‘One Hundred of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species’? Select the countries that the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) aims to have working together on invasive alien species. United States of America Canada Mexico Nicaragua Panama Which president of the USA established the National Invasive Species Council? Theodore Roosevelt Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy Jimmy Carter George W. Bush Bill Clinton Why did James Carlton liken the USA policy on invasive species to ‘ecological roulette’? Only a small proportion of potentially damaging species are evaluated for invasiveness before import, and then excluded if their risks are unacceptably high. A large proportion of potentially damaging species are evaluated for invasiveness before import, and then excluded if their risks are unacceptably high. The USA policy on invasive species is highly effective. The USA policy on invasive species is comprehensive enough to protect the country from invasive alien species. There is no policy on invasive species in the USA. Only a small proportion of potentially damaging species are not evaluated for invasiveness before import. To which of the following organisations does the Species Survival Commission belong? World Conservation Union (IUCN) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) International Maritime Organisation (IMO) CAB International (CABI) For Chapter 10 Invasion Biology Rank the following aims of restoration according to the habitat condition for which they are suitable. Start with the aims suitable for the most pristine habitats. maintain or enhance local biodiversity re-establish ecosystem diversity, structure and function re-establish indigenous plant cover improve remnant connectivity establish plant cover Match the appropriate action to each situation. Locally extirpated species Sow seed of the desired species or transplant seedlings after disturbance Non-local indigenous species Remove planted non-local indigenous species and their hybrids Old, dense stands of alien species Remove alien plants and burn then sow locally collected indigenous species Grassy road verges with potential to become indigenous vegetation corridors Remove non-indigenous cover (use herbicide as a last resort) then sow or plant with suitable indigenous species Stabilise slopes after road construction If little topsoil is available, add mulch and sow with fast-growing non-invasive alien annuals then oversow with indigenous seed Match to each situation the appropriate restorative action(s). Already done similar locally extinct species sow seed of desired species or transplant seedlings after disturbance non-local indigenous species remove planted indigenous species and their hybrids young, dense stands of alien species remove alien plants and burn old, dense stands of alien species remove alien plants and burn then sow locally collected seed of indigenous species revegetation following short-term construction operations replace topsoil and sow with suitable seed mix What must follow any restoration action? monitoring Invasive alien species may play a role in the restoration process in the following ways (D’Antonio and Meyerson, 2002): They may be part of the reason or need for restoration They may be the first species to re-colonize after disturbances associated with removal of vegetation cover (unplanned or “natural” disturbance) IAS may be the first to colonize after a planned disturbance (e.g. powerline, road, pipeline), even if they were not present in the pre-disturbance community, and they may subsequently interfere with restoration efforts IAS may leave behind a legacy after removal that makes long-term restoration of the site difficult (e.g. seed bank, chemical or physical alteration to the habitat) They may also be used by managers in restoration programmes to restore particular functions if indigenous species are not suitable or available Which of the following is not a benefit to nature conservation derived from restoration ecology? The maintenance of diversity of plants and animals Improving wildlife habitats Creating more aesthetically pleasing surroundings Restoring natural communities Protecting locally rare species Select the option that correctly completes the following sentence. Ensuring a supply of clean water is a major incentive to restore disturbed … mountain catchments dune habitats coastal habitats road verges island habitats The restoration of which of the following habitats could help improve remnant connectivity? mountain catchments island habitats riparian habitats road verges Select the options that correctly complete the following sentence. Follow-up treatments are required after the removal of invasive alien species if these species have ... Which of the following traits would mean that follow-up treatments were necessary for a site that had been cleared of invasive alien species? Select the options that correctly complete the following sentence. A site cleared of invasive alien species will require follow-up treatments if the species possess/have … a large persistent seed bank a persistent rhizomatous network a large ephemeral seed bank a small ephemeral seed bank no rhizomatous network Which of the following species facilitates the invasion of other alien species by increasing the nitrogen in the soil? Faya bayberry (Myrica faya) fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis) common blowngrass (Agrostis avenacea) bushy beard grass (Agrostis avenacea) Faya bayberry (Myrica faya) facilitates the invasion of other alien species by increasing the nitrogen in the soil in Hawaii. This is an example of … invasion meltdown invasion synergy transformation successful invasion symbiosis For Chapter 12 Invasion Biology Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) 3 Port Jackson (Acacia saligna) 2 Rooikrans (Acacia cyclops) 2 Long leaf wattle (Acacia longifolia) 1 Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) 1 Identify the South African Category 3 invasive alien plant species. Identify the South African Category 2 invasive alien plant species. Identify the South African Category 1 invasive alien plant species. Select the options that are true of plants with Category (1, 2, 3) status in South Africa. Category 1 status implies The plants are declared weeds. The plants may not grow on land or in water other than in biological control reserves. The plants may not be grown, spread or owned outside of biological control reserves. The plants may not be traded. Category 2 status implies The plants are declared invaders The plants may only grow in specially designated areas and in biological control reserves. The plants may be traded by permit holders. Category 3 status implies No propagation is allowed outside biological control reserves. The plants may not be traded. Existing plants may remain except within 30 m of the 1:50 year floodline. Where may plants with Category (1, 2, 3) status legally be found in South Africa? in biological control reserves in areas demarcated by a permit within 30 m of the once in fifty years floodline anywhere anywhere mature plants occur except within within 30 m of the once in fifty years floodline Which of the following organisations are behind SAFRINET? Southern African Development Community (SADC) BioNET-INTERNATIONAL South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Which of the following institutes is not part of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)? South African National Biodiversity Institute Plant Protection Research Institute Institute for Soil, Climate and Water Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute Animal Production Institute To which of the following does this logo belong? MCQ What organisation is represented by this logo? (coat of arms not just DWAF) FiB Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Department of Agriculture Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Department of Education Department of Land Affairs For Chapter 5 Invasion Biology The impact of native species (competitors, parasites, pathogens and predators) on the establishment and spread of an alien species is known as the … to the alien species. biotic resistance Select the traits that are thought to make islands more susceptible to invasion than continents. Islands have a low species richness. Island biotas evolve in isolation. Many islands are important stopping points in trade routes so the propagule pressure on them is high. Many islands are important stopping points in trade routes so the propagule pressure on them is low. Islands have a high species richness. Which of the following traits promote rapid dispersal? adaptability to disturbance adaptability to herbivory too obvious A high phenotypic plasticity implies the ability to … to changes in the environment. Which of the following are true of the unlike invader hypothesis? Which of the following hypotheses may (in some cases) explain why … may promote invasiveness in a plant species? seed size, seed number, generation time, long fruiting period, wind or animal transport, prolonged seed viability, rapid growth, early flowering, self-compatibility, vegetative reproduction, plasticity, good competitor, wide germination tolerance seed size Small seed size may allow the parent plant to produce a large number of seed which may increase the chances that some will survive. Small seed size may reduce the number of predators likely to feed on the seed. Small seed size may facilitate wind transport. The large parental investment required by small seed size provides a measure of protection from some hazards. Small seed size may reduce seed viability. seed number The production of a large number of seeds may increase the chances that some will survive. The production of a large number of seeds may provide competitive advantages. The production of a large number of seeds may increase the chances of seed viability. The production of a large number of seeds may attract many kinds of predators. The production of a large number of seeds may decrease the chances of seed viability. generation time A short generation time or overlapping generations could increase the number of seed produced. A short generation time or overlapping generations may increase the competitive ability of the species. A short generation time or overlapping generations may decrease the competitive ability of the species. A short generation time or overlapping generations could decrease the number of seed produced. Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions facilitates survival and thus increases the chances of its reproductive success. long fruiting period A long flowering/fruiting period may increase the amount of seed produced. A long fruiting period may increase the opportunities for long distance dispersal. A long flowering/fruiting period may increase the chances of seed survival. A long flowering/fruiting period may decrease the chances of seedset. A long flowering/fruiting period may increase the amount of seed predation. wind or animal transport Both wind and animal transport of seed are potentially long distance forms of dispersal so the spread of the plant species may be facilitated. Both wind and animal transport of seed do not guarantee the seed reaching a suitable habitat. Both wind and animal transport of seed are chancy and may on occasion not occur. Vegetative reproduction reduces the plant’s dependence on pollinators for overall reproductive success. Small seed size may reduce the number of predators likely to feed on the seed. prolonged seed viability Prolonged seed viability provides a greater chance that suitable conditions for germination will occur. Prolonged seed viability may result in more opportunities for dispersal. rapid growth Rapid growth could increase the plant’s competitive ability. Rapid growth could facilitate rapid reproduction. early flowering Early flowering could increase the amount of seed produced. Early flowering could cause a decrease in pollinator visits and thus a decrease in seedset. self-compatibility Self-compatibility increases the plant’s chances of reproductive success. Self-compatibility reduces the plant’s dependence on pollinators for reproductive success. Self-compatibility may result in inbreeding depression. Self-compatibility may increase the frequency of lethal recessive alleles in the population. vegetative reproduction Vegetative reproduction may ensure a habitat in which the propagules can survive. Vegetative reproduction may facilitate the spread of a plants species in a given area. Vegetative reproduction reduces the plant’s dependence on pollinators for overall reproductive success. Vegetative reproduction increases the plant’s chances of overall reproductive success. Vegetative reproduction decreases the plant’s chances of overall reproductive success. plasticity Ready adaptation to changes in the environment could increase the plant species’ competitive ability. Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions facilitates survival and thus increases the chances of its reproductive success. Ready adaptation to changes in the environment could increase the number of habitats the species could utilise. The production of a large number of seeds may increase the chances that some will survive. Small seed size may reduce the number of predators likely to feed on the seed. good competitor Being a good competitor could facilitate the plant’s survival and thus increases the chances of its reproductive success. Being a good competitor could promote the spread of the plant species. Being a good competitor could increase the amount of herbivory and seed predation to which the species is subjected. Being a good competitor could increase the amount of intraspecific competition reducing individual survival. Being a good competitor could decrease the individual plants chances of reproductive success. wide germination tolerance The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could increase the opportunities for germination and hence seedling establishment. The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could increase the number of seeds that germinate. The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could reduce the impact of seedling predation. The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could increase the competitive ability of the species. The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could increase the level of seedling predation. For Chapter 8 Invasion Biology Select the dis/advantages of biological control. Pros continuous action target specificity self-dispersing Cons initially high research costs uncertainty over the ultimate scale of impact lack of control of agents irreversible relatively long lag period before impacts are noticeable Immuno-contraception is a new approach to biocontrol that controls … instead of killing the pests. fertility Biotechnology is used to develop new ways of controlling invasive alien species. Assessment collects information on the management goal, the target invasive species, the extent and quality of the area and the threatened indigenous species. This information on the current situation is used to consider the likelihood of success, the cost effectiveness and the detrimental impacts of each possible management action so as to determine which management actions will be used. Not quite right. Which of the following are examples of successful eradication of an invasive species from a given area? rabbits in Haleakala National Park in Hawaii a fire ant species in the Galapagos Islands feral horses in New Zealand For Biodiversity Chapter 5 Both companies and governments select countries globally to avoid legislation (environmental, financial or social) that hampers their activities (McNeely et al. 1995). Match the simplified term (used with reference to this earth) to each of the following technical terms. atmosphere air hydrosphere water lithosphere land biosphere domain of life For Chapter 9 Invasion Biology Which model type is an example of a … model that assumes … Simple demographic models Exponential growth model – most basic demographic model. Assumes an exponential rate of population growth. Time and population size are continuous Logistic model – assumes that environmental resources are infinite. Time and population size are continuous Logistic difference model (discrete model) – time and population sizes are used as discrete variables (i.e. not continuous, as in the exponential and logistic models) Stochastic model – accounts for variability in the behaviour of the population Spatial-phenomenological models Regression model – most simple spatial model. Uses historical records to quantify the relationship between area invaded and time Geometric model – assumes that there are multiple introduction foci, therefore a number of independent foci expand radially on a large, homogenous, two-dimensional plane. Ignores population demography and assumes no restrictions on population growth Markov model – uses matrix algebra to formulate discrete-time and discrete-space models. Commonly used in forecasting landscape change Spatial-mechanistic models Reaction-diffusion model – assumes the population is homogenous, grows exponentially and spreads out by random diffusion into a uniform environment. Has been successful in describing the range expansion of a number of animal species and diseases. However, models can underestimate rates of spread by an order of magnitude Population dynamic meta-population model – meta-populations are systems of local populations that are connected by dispersing individuals. Can be modelled as a system of population growth models Individual-based cellular automata model – local environmental conditions experienced by each individual are important, so the spread of a species is modelled on an individualby-individual basis Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) produces more and longer stems and more biomass if it is exposed to … Choose the option that correctly completes the following sentence. Climate change could alter the frequency, intensity, spatial pattern and/or scale of essential disturbance regimes and thus favour … species. alien indigenous endemic native endangered To which of the following methods of predicting invasions does the following limitation apply? … the compilation of a list of species that have been weeds in their home range or elsewhere the compilation of a list of the traits of invading species assessment of invasive potential based on similar climates the experimental manipulation of the environment (controlled-growth chambers) detailed comparisons among congeners experimental sowings beyond the species’ current range (no manipulation of the environment) experimental sowings beyond the species’ current range (with manipulations of field conditions) Which of the following limitations applies to the use of … to predict invasions? The method is restricted to species with a record of invasiveness. No one invader has all the features proposed for ideal weeds – some have very few of these characteristics. Many other species that have not become extensively naturalised display many of these traits. The new (or even indigenous) range of a species may not exhibit the entire suite of climatic features that it can tolerate. Climate is only one part of the environmental complex to which organisms respond. Only a few physical parameters are assessed under controlled conditions. The method is restricted to a few life-stages. Not all species that enter a new range have closely-related congeners. The factors that apparently restrict the range of an alien species may operate infrequently. The factors chosen for manipulation may not include those contributing most to the naturalisation (or extirpation) of an alien species. Under which of the following conditions are spatial-phenomenological models appropriate? simple demographic if the spatial component of the invasion is important if knowledge of the invasion mechanism is limited if the quantitative data necessary for a mechanistic model is not available if the area that is invaded is related to population density if knowledge of the invasion mechanism is available if the spatial component of the invasion is unimportant For Chapter 7 Invasion Biology Rank the following in terms of annual cost to the USA in damages from highest to lowest. Not good because not single species? alien agricultural weeds $27.9 billion alien agricultural pathogens $23.5 billion house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) $1 billion alien insect and alien mite pests $16 billion purple loosestrife $45 million rats $18.75 billion Rank the following in terms of annual cost to the South Africa in damages from highest to lowest. Not good because not single species? alien agricultural weeds $1.5 billion alien insect and alien mite pests $1 billion alien agricultural pathogens $1.8 billion water hyacinth $25 million prevention of invasions $5 millions Which of the following is not an example of invasion meltdown? The growth of many Erica species is facilitated by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in Fynbos in South Africa. The invasive Faya bayberry (Myrica faya) increases the soil nitrogen which favours alien grass species in Hawaii. The invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) decimated the predators of the invasive alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in the Great Lakes of North America. The invasive African crystalline ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) accumulates salt, which is released when the plant dies, through leaching by fog and rain. The salt then produces an osmotic environment intolerable to the indigenous plants in California which in turn favours the African crystalline ice plant itself or other salt tolerant alien species. The invasive Port Jackson (Acacia saligna) fixes nitrogen in the soil which favours the invasion of Mediterranean grasses in the Fynbos of South Africa. Match each impact to the appropriate level for measurement. Botched in text so useless Genetic altered gene flow Individual altered behaviour Population altered size Community altered species composition Ecosystem altered nutrient cycling Transformer species may alter … resource availability disturbance regimes What disturbance regimes may be altered by transformer species? no possible distracters fire erosion biotic disturbance Positive Feedback Loop Which of the following plant species accumulates salt? African crystalline ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) Port Jackson (Acacia saligna) Faya bayberry (Myrica faya) Blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) salt cedar (Tamarix spp.) giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) What is the greatest direct threat to biodiversity? habitat destruction invasive alien species chemical pollution overexploitation What does the following describe an example of? The invasion of grass species into woody vegetation increases the fire frequency in woody vegetation which suppresses the woody species and favours the grass species. feedback loop For Chapter 6 Invasion Biology Which of the following species formed (as a result of chromosome doubling) from the sterile hybrid of a native and an alien Spartina species in England? Spartina anglica (common cordgrass) Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) Spartina maritime (small cordgrass) Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass) Spartina gracilis (alkali cordgrass) Spartina spartinae (gulf cordgrass) The invasive genotypes of the Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) were larger than native genotypes and produced more seeds, but they had lower quality leaves and invested fewer resources in defending them. These adaptations conferred decreased competitive ability in the Chinese tallow tree’s introduced range.