Download Quiz thinking - University of Western Cape

For Chapter 1 Invasion Biology
Match the appropriate South African example to each category of species.
Casual alien species chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)
Invasive alien species European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), roseringed parakeet
(Psittacula krameri)
Naturalised species grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)?
Indigenous species redwing starling (Onychognathus morio)
Feral species
cat (Felis silvestris catus) feral pigeon (Columba livia)
For Chapter 2 Invasion Biology
Fill in the blank. Select the appropriate term. Between 1820 and 1930, European
migration with its associated movement of species was promoted by the …
steamship steamer steam-powered ship steamboat
vs. train, sailing ship, automobile, carriage
For Biodiversity Chapter 7
Select the options that correctly complete the following sentence. Peer review is there to
attempt to ensure …
accuracy
a quality standard for research in the field
Distracters
ideological uniformity
cronyism
theft of ideas
Give a term for a means of assigning importance to items of a specified category.
prioritization scheme, prioritization
Give a term for a means of making certain that all the parts of a whole are considered.
representation scheme, representation
For Biodiversity Chapter 3
The introduction of a natural enemy (predator, parasite or disease) to control an invasive
alien species. biological control
The use of biological organisms or their products (enzymes) to remove or detoxify
contaminants from hazardous waste and contaminated soil or water. bioremediation
The use of plants to extract minerals. phytomining
The natural organisms used to indicate environmental quality. bioindicators
Select the traits that an ideal ecotour should possess.
It should not cause ecological damage
It should provide income for local people to motivate them to preserve wildlife.
It should provide funds for field conservation.
It should use foreign owned facilities.
It should not involve the local people.
Which of the following questions help you to determine if an ecotour harms the
environment? too complicated
Which of the following questions can be used to evaluate the environmental impacts of
ecotours?
Where is the tour going? (possibly – sensitive area likely to do harm?)
How long is the tour? (possibly – longer more likely high impact?)
How much does the tour cost? (possibly – cost of facilities reflects harm done?)
What precautions are taken to reduce the tour’s impact on local ecosystems? harm
How much time is spent in the field, versus in the city or traveling in a vehicle?
What happens to the tour’s garbage? harm
What percentage of the people involved in planning, organizing, and guiding tours are
local? social, harm
Are the guides trained naturalists? quality, harm?
Will you stay in locally owned hotels or other facilities, or will you be staying in
accommodations owned by national or international companies? social
Does the tour operation respect local customs and cultures? If so, how? social
What percentage of the tour’s gross income goes into the salaries and businesses of local
residents? social, harm
What percentage of the tour’s gross income does the tour company donate to local
conservation and social projects? benefit conservation
For Biodiversity Chapter 6
Before speciation can bring about the recovery of biodiversity after a mass extinction, the
… of the mass extinction must dissipate.
cause
result
time
impact
shock
Why are fossils not found in igneous rocks?
Igneous rocks form from magma from below the earth’s crust.
Igneous rocks never occur on the surface.
Igneous rocks only form at high altitudes.
Igneous rocks provide habitats for detritivores so no remains are left to fossilize.
Igneous rocks do not weather.
What makes fossils unrecognisable in metamorphic rocks?
the temperature and/or pressure that formed the metamorphic rock.
What is erosion?
What is metamorphosis?
Which of the following are tetrapods?
reptiles
mammals
birds
ticks
spiders
The process by which rocks, soils and their minerals disintegrate in situ through contact
with the atmosphere is known as … weathering
Extinction debt refers to …
the fact that the majority of extinctions caused by habitat loss occur long after the habitat
was destroyed.
a fee companies must pay if they cause a species to become extinct.
the growing environmental problems caused by extinctions that will eventually harm
humanity.
the price the biosphere is going to exact from humanity because of the extinctions
humans have caused.
Which of the following gasses must be absent for fossilization to occur?
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
nitrous oxide
For Conservation Biology Chapter 7
A group of interacting individuals of a given species that live in a specific geographic
area at one time. population
A unit made up of a number of spatially separated, extinction-prone local populations (or
subpopulations) that are linked by migration. metapopulation
A unit that has at least one large stable population that is not likely to become extinct
which provides immigrants to other habitat fragments that may be more extinction prone.
mainland-island metapopulation
A unit that has some populations with a growth rate that exceeds the capacity of the
habitat forcing emigration to other populations which have a higher mortality rate than
birth rate. source-sink metapopulation
A unit that is the result of recent habitat fragmentation and may not survive as no
equilibrium exists between colonisations and extinctions and the development of such an
equilibrium is not guaranteed. non-equilibrium metapopulation
Which of the following is potentially temporary because of its unnatural origin? nonequilibrium metapopulation
classical metapopulation
mainland-island metapopulation
source-sink metapopulation
population
A risk assessment for populations or species based on empirical data that estimates the
probability (risk) of extinction for one or all populations of the specific species for a
selected time interval. population viability analysis
The lowest number of individuals needed to ensure that a population has a selected
probability of survival for a set time period without significant loss of evolutionary
adaptability. minimum viable population
The size of an ideal population that is genetically influenced by random genetic drift in
the same measure as the actual population (N). effective population size
A population in which mating is random and the variation in individual progeny
(offspring) numbers is random. For animals, a 1:1 sex ratio exists and for plants, all
individuals reproduce sexually and are diploid and bisexual, simultaneously producing
female and male gametes with a self-fertilization rate of 1/Ne. an ideal population
For Conservation Biology Chapter 1
Conservation is for all people so it must involve that which governs society meaning ...
politics
society
all people
Which philosophy of conservation … only three options and too long for FiB
romantic – transcendental ethic
preservationist or
conservationist or
resource conservation ethic
evolutionary - ecological land ethic
roman – transcendance ethic
resource manipulation ethic
evolving systems ethic
spiritual ascendance ethic
Which of the following organisations was not involved in the development of the World
Conservation Strategy?
World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
What is the conservation goal of the principle of (evolutionary change, dynamic ecology,
human change)? What conservation goal is derived from the principle of …
to allow populations to change in response to environmental changes through adaptations
the integration of non-equilibrium processes within a hierarchy of species interactions
the integration of humans into conservation practice
the eradication of extinction (1)
the control of environmental change (1, 2) to control environmental change
the prevention of species change (1)
the control of species change (1) to control how the populations of a species change
the identification of equilibria in the environment (2)
the exclusion of humans from conservation practice (3)
the isolation of conservation practice from society (3)
to manipulate the environment for human gain (2, 3)
to separate the living from the non-living (2)
to exaggerate human impact on the environment (3)
What is “Caring for the Earth”?
a revised version of the World Conservation Strategy
a product of the 1992 United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development
a product of the 2002 United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development
a book by Aldo Leopold
an IUCN publication
Which South African Universities have recognised nature reserves?
University of the Western Cape
Nelson Mandela Metropole University
University of Cape Town
University of Johannesburg
University of KwaZulu Natal
In the global political context, G8 refers to …
Group of 8 industrialised countries
Group of 8 Australian universities
Gang of 8 = 8 leaders of the U.S. congress
Subclass 8 of G-class stars
Almaden Expressway, Santa Clara County Route G8
Which of the following countries belong to the G8?
Which of the following countries do NOT belong to the G8?
Russia
Germany
Japan
Italy
Spain
Norway
Australia
China
For Chapter 3 Invasion Biology
What aspect of an alien species changes over time to a given interest group? The value
of the alien species.
The appearance of the alien species
What affects the value of an alien species to a specific interest group? Time
Which native species or category of species is harmed by each of the following invasive
species?
grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), Great Britain
red squirrel (Sciurus
vulgaris)
smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), South Africa
Berg River redfin
(Pseudobarbus burgi)
feral pigs (Sus species), Australia
southern cassowary
(Casuarius casuarius)
common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), New Zealand
forest species
The control of which of the following invasive species is behind
“Save the Red Squirrels” in Great Britain
“Operation Forest Save” in New Zealand
grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Great Britain
Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) New Zealand
feral pigs (Sus species) Australia
cat (Felis silvestris catus)
feral pigeon (Columba livia)
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Chile
red deer (Cervus elaphus) New Zealand
rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Australia
mongoose (family Herpestidae) Hawaii
house sparrow (Passer domesticus) North America
fox (Vulpes vulpes) Australia
cane toad (Bufo marinus) Australia
Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) South Africa
roseringed (or rose-ringed) Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) South Africa
Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) South Africa
platanna (Xenopus laevis) Britain
Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) New Zealand
black rat (Rattus rattus) Britain
dingo (Canis lupus dingo) Australia
Bryophyllum spp. Aus
kudzu (Pueraria lobata) USA
zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) USA
red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Aus
cane toad (Bufo marinus) Aus
Which of the following species does not occur in urban areas? Problem not alien outside
only.
The conflict concerning the trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) is about …
whether or not these swans bred in the eastern North America.
eradication methods used on the species.
For Biodiversity Chapter 1
The complexity of the concept of biodiversity cannot be reduced so biodiversity as a
whole cannot be ... measured problem also affect ability to understand?
The complexity of the concept of biodiversity cannot be reduced. This affects
quantifying biodiversity…
by making a single measure of biodiversity impossible.
Match the appropriate term to each definition.
the different forms of a gene alleles
the building blocks of DNA and RNA nucleotides
macromolecules of DNA containing genes chromosomes
sections of DNA that code for other molecules genes
For Biodiversity Chapter 4
Forms of estimation for species numbers.
extrapolations from existing data
extrapolations based on time-series of species descriptions
extrapolations based on the proportions of species at different trophic levels
extrapolations based on the inverse relationship between body size and number of species
extrapolations based on specialist opinion
Which form of estimating species numbers relies on personal knowledge and experience?
extrapolations based on specialist opinion
Which form of estimating species numbers may be an artifact of human effort?
extrapolations based on time-series of species descriptions too general as a multiple
choice because existing data also true. Maybe multiple response? Technically all are
affected human error.
Which form of estimating species numbers is based on what species eat? …how species
get their food? extrapolations based on the proportions of species at different trophic
levels
Identify Erwin’s data/assumptions.
One tree species (Luehea seemannii) had 955+ species of beetles excluding weevils. data
There are about 50 000 tropical tree species. estimate
Weevil numbers approximately equal leaf-beetles numbers. data
About 13.5% of the total number of beetle species per tree canopy are host specific.
assumption
Beetles make up 40% of tropical canopy arthropods. assumption
The forest canopy to forest floor ratio is 2:1. assumption
What happens when the assumptions that an estimate is based on are changed?
The estimate always stays the same.
The estimate changes.
The estimate always increases.
The estimate always decreases.
Match each species to the trait that makes it vulnerable to extinction.
large size
blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus)
migratory species
greater striped swallows (Hirundo cucullata)
colonial nesting habits
Cape gannets (Sula capensis)
feeding at a high trophic level
Cape vultures (Gyps coprotheres)
For Chapter 4 Invasion Biology
How did the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) reach New Zealand?
It was intentionally introduced to create a fur industry.
It was intentionally introduced as a pet but some escaped.
It was intentionally introduced for zoo specimens but some escaped.
It was intentionally introduced as a biological control agent.
It arrived accidentally as a hitchhiker species.
Which of the following reasons for introducing alien species cannot be classified as
horticultural?
crop species
plant species for soil stabilisation
herbs for cooking
medicinal herbs
fish species for sport
Which of the following was introduced to … for …?
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Chile for fishing
red deer (Cervus elaphus) to New Zealand for hunting
possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) to New Zealand for the fur trade.
rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to Australia for food
mongoose (family Herpestidae) to Hawaii for biological control
house sparrow (Passer domesticus) to North America for fashion and aesthetics
fox (Vulpes vulpes) to Australia for biological control
cane toad (Bufo marinus) to Australia for biological control
Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) in South Africa for zoo specimens
pig (Sus spp.) in Australia for agriculture
roseringed (or rose-ringed) Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in South Africa for pets
Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in South Africa for mariculture
platanna (Xenopus laevis) in Britain for research
Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) New Zealand
black rat (Rattus rattus) Britain
dingo (Canis lupus dingo) Australia
Which of the following reasons for deliberately introducing species are (not)
horticultural?
hunting
pets
crops
ornamental plants
soil stabilisation
After the introduction of an alien species, human actions can facilitate its spread.
Human-made structures may provide the means to cross dispersal barriers (e.g. interbasin transfers, canals). Human alteration of habitats and changes in agricultural
practices may also facilitate the spread of an alien species. Some species are able to
spread on their own.
Which of the following human actions may facilitate the spread of an introduced species?
Changes in agriculture could also hinder.
In which of the following cases is the invasion completely accidental with no intentional
use of the species involved having been planned?
species that contaminate seed crops
species that escape from zoos
species that escape from botanic gardens
species that escape from agriculture
species that escape from forestry
species that escape from aquaculture
For Chapter 11 Invasion Biology
The International Maritime Organization has been working on the management of …
ballast water
Which of the following aims to promote cooperation between Canada, the USA and
Mexico on environmental issues including invasive alien species?
Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC)
Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP)
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
World Health Organization (WHO)
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
The invasion of which species was foreseen in Australia but not prevented because the
authorities were not required by law to act?
Bryophyllum spp.
kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
cane toad (Bufo marinus)
Which of the following laws that apply to alien species belong(s) to (the USA, Australia,
New Zealand)?
National Invasive Species Act (NISA) of 1996
USA
Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974
USA
Lacey Act of 1900
USA
Wildlife Protection Act of 1984
Australia
Biosecurity Act of 1993
New Zealand
Hazardous Substance and New Organisms Act of 1996
New Zealand
Which of the following laws of the USA use blacklists?
National Invasive Species Act (NISA) of 1996
USA
Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990
Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974
USA
Lacey Act of 1900
USA
USA
To which of the following does the pictured logo belong? Could not persuade picture to
show – had to play with picture. Options use logo for CMS or CCAMLR.
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
CAB International (CABI)
Which international organisation dealing with invasive species produced the ‘A Toolkit
of Best Prevention and Management Practices’?
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP)
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
What is the acronym for the international organisation dealing with invasive species that
produced the ‘A Toolkit of Best Prevention and Management Practices’?
Which is not an initial pilot country for the Global Ballast Water Management
Programme?
South Africa
Brazil
China
India
Iran
Ukraine
Chile
What is the abbreviation used for the group within the IUCN which produces a list of
‘One Hundred of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species’?
Select the countries that the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) aims to
have working together on invasive alien species.
United States of America
Canada
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Which president of the USA established the National Invasive Species Council?
Theodore Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
John F. Kennedy
Jimmy Carter
George W. Bush
Bill Clinton
Why did James Carlton liken the USA policy on invasive species to ‘ecological roulette’?
Only a small proportion of potentially damaging species are evaluated for invasiveness
before import, and then excluded if their risks are unacceptably high.
A large proportion of potentially damaging species are evaluated for invasiveness before
import, and then excluded if their risks are unacceptably high.
The USA policy on invasive species is highly effective.
The USA policy on invasive species is comprehensive enough to protect the country from
invasive alien species.
There is no policy on invasive species in the USA.
Only a small proportion of potentially damaging species are not evaluated for
invasiveness before import.
To which of the following organisations does the Species Survival Commission belong?
World Conservation Union (IUCN)
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)
International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
CAB International (CABI)
For Chapter 10 Invasion Biology
Rank the following aims of restoration according to the habitat condition for which they
are suitable. Start with the aims suitable for the most pristine habitats.
maintain or enhance local biodiversity
re-establish ecosystem diversity, structure and function
re-establish indigenous plant cover
improve remnant connectivity
establish plant cover
Match the appropriate action to each situation.
Locally extirpated species
Sow seed of the desired species or transplant seedlings after
disturbance
Non-local indigenous species
Remove planted non-local indigenous species and
their hybrids
Old, dense stands of alien species
Remove alien plants and burn then sow locally
collected indigenous species
Grassy road verges with potential to become indigenous vegetation corridors
Remove non-indigenous cover (use herbicide as a last resort) then sow or plant
with suitable indigenous species
Stabilise slopes after road construction
If little topsoil is available, add mulch and
sow with fast-growing non-invasive alien annuals then oversow with indigenous seed
Match to each situation the appropriate restorative action(s). Already done similar
locally extinct species
sow seed of desired species or transplant seedlings after
disturbance
non-local indigenous species
remove planted indigenous species and their hybrids
young, dense stands of alien species
remove alien plants and burn
old, dense stands of alien species
remove alien plants and burn then sow
locally collected seed of indigenous species
revegetation following short-term construction operations replace topsoil and sow with
suitable seed mix
What must follow any restoration action? monitoring
Invasive alien species may play a role in the restoration process in the following ways
(D’Antonio and Meyerson, 2002): They may be part of the reason or need for restoration
They may be the first species to re-colonize after disturbances associated with removal of
vegetation cover (unplanned or “natural” disturbance) IAS may be the first to colonize
after a planned disturbance (e.g. powerline, road, pipeline), even if they were not present
in the pre-disturbance community, and they may subsequently interfere with restoration
efforts IAS may leave behind a legacy after removal that makes long-term restoration of
the site difficult (e.g. seed bank, chemical or physical alteration to the habitat) They may
also be used by managers in restoration programmes to restore particular functions if
indigenous species are not suitable or available
Which of the following is not a benefit to nature conservation derived from restoration
ecology?
The maintenance of diversity of plants and animals
Improving wildlife habitats
Creating more aesthetically pleasing surroundings
Restoring natural communities
Protecting locally rare species
Select the option that correctly completes the following sentence. Ensuring a supply of
clean water is a major incentive to restore disturbed …
mountain catchments
dune habitats
coastal habitats
road verges
island habitats
The restoration of which of the following habitats could help improve remnant
connectivity?
mountain catchments
island habitats
riparian habitats
road verges
Select the options that correctly complete the following sentence. Follow-up treatments
are required after the removal of invasive alien species if these species have ...
Which of the following traits would mean that follow-up treatments were necessary for a
site that had been cleared of invasive alien species?
Select the options that correctly complete the following sentence. A site cleared of
invasive alien species will require follow-up treatments if the species possess/have …
a large persistent seed bank
a persistent rhizomatous network
a large ephemeral seed bank
a small ephemeral seed bank
no rhizomatous network
Which of the following species facilitates the invasion of other alien species by
increasing the nitrogen in the soil?
Faya bayberry (Myrica faya)
fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum)
wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis)
common blowngrass (Agrostis avenacea)
bushy beard grass (Agrostis avenacea)
Faya bayberry (Myrica faya) facilitates the invasion of other alien species by increasing
the nitrogen in the soil in Hawaii. This is an example of …
invasion meltdown
invasion synergy
transformation
successful invasion
symbiosis
For Chapter 12 Invasion Biology
Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) 3
Port Jackson (Acacia saligna)
2
Rooikrans (Acacia cyclops)
2
Long leaf wattle (Acacia longifolia) 1
Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) 1
Identify the South African Category 3 invasive alien plant species.
Identify the South African Category 2 invasive alien plant species.
Identify the South African Category 1 invasive alien plant species.
Select the options that are true of plants with Category (1, 2, 3) status in South Africa.
Category 1 status implies
The plants are declared weeds.
The plants may not grow on land or in water other than in biological control reserves.
The plants may not be grown, spread or owned outside of biological control reserves.
The plants may not be traded.
Category 2 status implies
The plants are declared invaders
The plants may only grow in specially designated areas and in biological control reserves.
The plants may be traded by permit holders.
Category 3 status implies
No propagation is allowed outside biological control reserves.
The plants may not be traded.
Existing plants may remain except within 30 m of the 1:50 year floodline.
Where may plants with Category (1, 2, 3) status legally be found in South Africa?
in biological control reserves
in areas demarcated by a permit
within 30 m of the once in fifty years floodline
anywhere
anywhere mature plants occur except within within 30 m of the once in fifty years
floodline
Which of the following organisations are behind SAFRINET?
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
BioNET-INTERNATIONAL
South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
Agricultural Research Council (ARC)
Which of the following institutes is not part of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)?
South African National Biodiversity Institute
Plant Protection Research Institute
Institute for Soil, Climate and Water
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Animal Production Institute
To which of the following does this logo belong? MCQ
What organisation is represented by this logo? (coat of arms not just DWAF) FiB
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Department of Agriculture
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
Department of Education
Department of Land Affairs
For Chapter 5 Invasion Biology
The impact of native species (competitors, parasites, pathogens and predators) on the
establishment and spread of an alien species is known as the … to the alien species.
biotic resistance
Select the traits that are thought to make islands more susceptible to invasion than
continents.
Islands have a low species richness.
Island biotas evolve in isolation.
Many islands are important stopping points in trade routes so the propagule pressure on
them is high.
Many islands are important stopping points in trade routes so the propagule pressure on
them is low.
Islands have a high species richness.
Which of the following traits promote rapid dispersal?
adaptability to disturbance
adaptability to herbivory
too obvious
A high phenotypic plasticity implies the ability to … to changes in the environment.
Which of the following are true of the unlike invader hypothesis?
Which of the following hypotheses may (in some cases) explain why … may promote
invasiveness in a plant species? seed size, seed number, generation time, long fruiting
period, wind or animal transport, prolonged seed viability, rapid growth, early flowering,
self-compatibility, vegetative reproduction, plasticity, good competitor, wide germination
tolerance
seed size
Small seed size may allow the parent plant to produce a large number of seed which may
increase the chances that some will survive.
Small seed size may reduce the number of predators likely to feed on the seed.
Small seed size may facilitate wind transport.
The large parental investment required by small seed size provides a measure of
protection from some hazards.
Small seed size may reduce seed viability.
seed number
The production of a large number of seeds may increase the chances that some will
survive.
The production of a large number of seeds may provide competitive advantages.
The production of a large number of seeds may increase the chances of seed viability.
The production of a large number of seeds may attract many kinds of predators.
The production of a large number of seeds may decrease the chances of seed viability.
generation time
A short generation time or overlapping generations could increase the number of seed
produced.
A short generation time or overlapping generations may increase the competitive ability
of the species.
A short generation time or overlapping generations may decrease the competitive ability
of the species.
A short generation time or overlapping generations could decrease the number of seed
produced.
Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions facilitates survival and thus
increases the chances of its reproductive success.
long fruiting period
A long flowering/fruiting period may increase the amount of seed produced.
A long fruiting period may increase the opportunities for long distance dispersal.
A long flowering/fruiting period may increase the chances of seed survival.
A long flowering/fruiting period may decrease the chances of seedset.
A long flowering/fruiting period may increase the amount of seed predation.
wind or animal transport
Both wind and animal transport of seed are potentially long distance forms of dispersal so
the spread of the plant species may be facilitated.
Both wind and animal transport of seed do not guarantee the seed reaching a suitable
habitat.
Both wind and animal transport of seed are chancy and may on occasion not occur.
Vegetative reproduction reduces the plant’s dependence on pollinators for overall
reproductive success.
Small seed size may reduce the number of predators likely to feed on the seed.
prolonged seed viability
Prolonged seed viability provides a greater chance that suitable conditions for
germination will occur.
Prolonged seed viability may result in more opportunities for dispersal.
rapid growth
Rapid growth could increase the plant’s competitive ability.
Rapid growth could facilitate rapid reproduction.
early flowering
Early flowering could increase the amount of seed produced.
Early flowering could cause a decrease in pollinator visits and thus a decrease in seedset.
self-compatibility
Self-compatibility increases the plant’s chances of reproductive success.
Self-compatibility reduces the plant’s dependence on pollinators for reproductive success.
Self-compatibility may result in inbreeding depression.
Self-compatibility may increase the frequency of lethal recessive alleles in the
population.
vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction may ensure a habitat in which the propagules can survive.
Vegetative reproduction may facilitate the spread of a plants species in a given area.
Vegetative reproduction reduces the plant’s dependence on pollinators for overall
reproductive success.
Vegetative reproduction increases the plant’s chances of overall reproductive success.
Vegetative reproduction decreases the plant’s chances of overall reproductive success.
plasticity
Ready adaptation to changes in the environment could increase the plant species’
competitive ability.
Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions facilitates survival and thus
increases the chances of its reproductive success.
Ready adaptation to changes in the environment could increase the number of habitats the
species could utilise.
The production of a large number of seeds may increase the chances that some will
survive.
Small seed size may reduce the number of predators likely to feed on the seed.
good competitor
Being a good competitor could facilitate the plant’s survival and thus increases the
chances of its reproductive success.
Being a good competitor could promote the spread of the plant species.
Being a good competitor could increase the amount of herbivory and seed predation to
which the species is subjected.
Being a good competitor could increase the amount of intraspecific competition reducing
individual survival.
Being a good competitor could decrease the individual plants chances of reproductive
success.
wide germination tolerance
The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could increase the
opportunities for germination and hence seedling establishment.
The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could increase the number of
seeds that germinate.
The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could reduce the impact of
seedling predation.
The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could increase the competitive
ability of the species.
The ability to germinate under a wide range of conditions could increase the level of
seedling predation.
For Chapter 8 Invasion Biology
Select the dis/advantages of biological control.
Pros
continuous action
target specificity
self-dispersing
Cons
initially high research costs
uncertainty over the ultimate scale of impact
lack of control of agents
irreversible
relatively long lag period before impacts are noticeable
Immuno-contraception is a new approach to biocontrol that controls … instead of killing
the pests.
fertility
Biotechnology is used to develop new ways of controlling invasive alien species.
Assessment collects information on the management goal, the target invasive species, the
extent and quality of the area and the threatened indigenous species. This information on
the current situation is used to consider the likelihood of success, the cost effectiveness
and the detrimental impacts of each possible management action so as to determine
which management actions will be used. Not quite right.
Which of the following are examples of successful eradication of an invasive species
from a given area?
rabbits in Haleakala National Park in Hawaii
a fire ant species in the Galapagos Islands
feral horses in New Zealand
For Biodiversity Chapter 5
Both companies and governments select countries globally to avoid legislation
(environmental, financial or social) that hampers their activities (McNeely et al. 1995).
Match the simplified term (used with reference to this earth) to each of the following
technical terms.
atmosphere air
hydrosphere water
lithosphere
land
biosphere
domain of life
For Chapter 9 Invasion Biology
Which model type is an example of a … model that assumes …
Simple demographic models
Exponential growth model – most basic demographic model. Assumes an exponential
rate of population growth. Time and population size are continuous
Logistic model – assumes that environmental resources are infinite. Time and population
size are continuous
Logistic difference model (discrete model) – time and population sizes are used as
discrete variables (i.e. not continuous, as in the exponential and logistic models)
Stochastic model – accounts for variability in the behaviour of the population
Spatial-phenomenological models
Regression model – most simple spatial model. Uses historical records to quantify the
relationship between area invaded and time
Geometric model – assumes that there are multiple introduction foci, therefore a number
of independent foci expand radially on a large, homogenous, two-dimensional plane.
Ignores population demography and assumes no restrictions on population growth
Markov model – uses matrix algebra to formulate discrete-time and discrete-space
models. Commonly used in forecasting landscape change
Spatial-mechanistic models
Reaction-diffusion model – assumes the population is homogenous, grows exponentially
and spreads out by random diffusion into a uniform environment. Has been successful in
describing the range expansion of a number of animal species and diseases. However,
models can underestimate rates of spread by an order of magnitude
Population dynamic meta-population model – meta-populations are systems of local
populations that are connected by dispersing individuals. Can be modelled as a system of
population growth models
Individual-based cellular automata model – local environmental conditions experienced
by each individual are important, so the spread of a species is modelled on an individualby-individual basis
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) produces more and longer stems and more biomass if it is
exposed to …
Choose the option that correctly completes the following sentence. Climate change could
alter the frequency, intensity, spatial pattern and/or scale of essential disturbance regimes
and thus favour … species.
alien
indigenous
endemic
native
endangered
To which of the following methods of predicting invasions does the following limitation
apply? …
the compilation of a list of species that have been weeds in their home range or elsewhere
the compilation of a list of the traits of invading species
assessment of invasive potential based on similar climates
the experimental manipulation of the environment (controlled-growth chambers)
detailed comparisons among congeners
experimental sowings beyond the species’ current range (no manipulation of the
environment)
experimental sowings beyond the species’ current range (with manipulations of field
conditions)
Which of the following limitations applies to the use of … to predict invasions?
The method is restricted to species with a record of invasiveness.
No one invader has all the features proposed for ideal weeds – some have very few of
these characteristics.
Many other species that have not become extensively naturalised display many of these
traits.
The new (or even indigenous) range of a species may not exhibit the entire suite of
climatic features that it can tolerate.
Climate is only one part of the environmental complex to which organisms respond.
Only a few physical parameters are assessed under controlled conditions.
The method is restricted to a few life-stages.
Not all species that enter a new range have closely-related congeners.
The factors that apparently restrict the range of an alien species may operate infrequently.
The factors chosen for manipulation may not include those contributing most to the
naturalisation (or extirpation) of an alien species.
Under which of the following conditions are spatial-phenomenological models
appropriate? simple demographic
if the spatial component of the invasion is important
if knowledge of the invasion mechanism is limited
if the quantitative data necessary for a mechanistic model is not available
if the area that is invaded is related to population density
if knowledge of the invasion mechanism is available
if the spatial component of the invasion is unimportant
For Chapter 7 Invasion Biology
Rank the following in terms of annual cost to the USA in damages from highest to
lowest. Not good because not single species?
alien agricultural weeds $27.9 billion
alien agricultural pathogens $23.5 billion
house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) $1 billion
alien insect and alien mite pests $16 billion
purple loosestrife $45 million
rats $18.75 billion
Rank the following in terms of annual cost to the South Africa in damages from highest
to lowest. Not good because not single species?
alien agricultural weeds $1.5 billion
alien insect and alien mite pests $1 billion
alien agricultural pathogens $1.8 billion
water hyacinth $25 million
prevention of invasions $5 millions
Which of the following is not an example of invasion meltdown?
The growth of many Erica species is facilitated by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in
Fynbos in South Africa.
The invasive Faya bayberry (Myrica faya) increases the soil nitrogen which favours alien
grass species in Hawaii.
The invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) decimated the predators of the invasive
alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in the Great Lakes of North America.
The invasive African crystalline ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum)
accumulates salt, which is released when the plant dies, through leaching by fog and rain.
The salt then produces an osmotic environment intolerable to the indigenous plants in
California which in turn favours the African crystalline ice plant itself or other salt
tolerant alien species.
The invasive Port Jackson (Acacia saligna) fixes nitrogen in the soil which favours the
invasion of Mediterranean grasses in the Fynbos of South Africa.
Match each impact to the appropriate level for measurement. Botched in text so useless
Genetic
altered gene flow
Individual
altered behaviour
Population
altered size
Community
altered species composition
Ecosystem
altered nutrient cycling
Transformer species may alter …
resource availability
disturbance regimes
What disturbance regimes may be altered by transformer species? no possible distracters
fire
erosion
biotic disturbance
Positive Feedback Loop
Which of the following plant species accumulates salt?
African crystalline ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum)
Port Jackson (Acacia saligna)
Faya bayberry (Myrica faya)
Blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus)
Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia)
salt cedar (Tamarix spp.)
giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta)
What is the greatest direct threat to biodiversity?
habitat destruction
invasive alien species
chemical pollution
overexploitation
What does the following describe an example of? The invasion of grass species into
woody vegetation increases the fire frequency in woody vegetation which suppresses the
woody species and favours the grass species.
feedback loop
For Chapter 6 Invasion Biology
Which of the following species formed (as a result of chromosome doubling) from the
sterile hybrid of a native and an alien Spartina species in England?
Spartina anglica (common cordgrass)
Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass)
Spartina maritime (small cordgrass)
Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass)
Spartina gracilis (alkali cordgrass)
Spartina spartinae (gulf cordgrass)
The invasive genotypes of the Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) were larger than
native genotypes and produced more seeds, but they had lower quality leaves and
invested fewer resources in defending them. These adaptations conferred decreased
competitive ability in the Chinese tallow tree’s introduced range.