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AP Biology Study Guide 2017 Midterm Chapter 3: Properties of Water pH scale Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic Chapter 4: Isomers Chapter 5: Macromolecules Monomers vs polymers lipid bilayer structure Level of protein structure Chapter 6: Cellular organelles and functions Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes Chapter 7: Fluid mosaic model Membrane proteins Diffusion types Osmosis Active transport Hyper, hypo, isotonic solutions Chapter 8: ATP Enzymes Chapter 9: Respiration equation Glycolysis Krebs cycle (citric acid) ETC e- Carriers ATP synthase Chapter 10: Photosynthesis equation PSII, PSI Calvin cycle ATP synthase C4 and CAM Chapter 11: Signal transduction pathway G protein-coupled receptors Receptor tyrosine kinases Ion channel receptors Second messengers Chapter 12: Cell cycle Phases of mitosis Cyclin & CDKs MPF Cancer Chapter 13: Phases of meiosis Crossing over Tetrads Comparison of meiosis I and II Comparison of mitosis and meiosis Chapter 14: Law of segregation Punnett squares: dominance, incomplete, co-, multiple alleles, sex-linked, dihybrids Law of independent assortment Probability – rule of multiplication/rule of addition Epistasis Pedigree analysis Fetal testing Chapter 15: Chromosome theory of inheritance X-linked genes & disorders X inactivation Linkage map Aneuploidy Polyploidy 4 kinds of mutations Down syndrome Chapter 16: Bacterial transformation Phages Structure of DNA Purines/pyrimidines Watson/Crick/Franklin Semiconservative Anti-parallel Steps for DNA replication Leading strand vs lagging strand Okazaki fragments Helicase Single strand binding proteins Topoisomerase Primer Primase DNA polymerase Ligase Telomeres Telomerase Chapter 17: Steps of transcription mRNA Primary transcript Codon Promoter TATA box Transcription factors Initiation Elongation Termination RNA processing RNA splicing Introns vs exons Spliceosome Alternative RNA splicing Steps of translation tRNA structure Anticodon Amino acids Wobble effect Ribosome sites: A, P, E Polypeptide Peptide bonds Types of mutations and their effects Chapter 22: Evolution Darwin’s voyage & findings Natural selection Adaptation Drug-resistant bacteria Homologous vs analogous structures Vestigial structures Cladogram (evolutionary tree) Fossil record Biogeography Chapter 23: Microevolution Population Gene pool Hardy-Weinberg Principle 5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Hardy-Weinberg problems/equations Genetic drift Bottleneck effect Founder effect Types of selection: directional, disruptive, stabilizing Sexual selection Heterozygote advantage Chapter 24: Pre-zygotic barriers Post-zygotic barriers Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation Polyploidy: autopolyploid, allopolyploid Hybrid zones Gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium Macroevolution Chapter 25: Primitive Earth conditions Protocells Ribrozymes Endosymbiont theory Adaptive radiations Paedomorphosis Homeotic genes