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AP Biology Study Guide
2017 Midterm
Chapter 3:
Properties of Water
pH scale
Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic
Chapter 4:
Isomers
Chapter 5:
Macromolecules
Monomers vs polymers
lipid bilayer structure
Level of protein structure
Chapter 6:
Cellular organelles and functions
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Chapter 7:
Fluid mosaic model
Membrane proteins
Diffusion types
Osmosis
Active transport
Hyper, hypo, isotonic solutions
Chapter 8:
ATP
Enzymes
Chapter 9:
Respiration equation
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle (citric acid)
ETC
e- Carriers
ATP synthase
Chapter 10:
Photosynthesis equation
PSII, PSI
Calvin cycle
ATP synthase
C4 and CAM
Chapter 11:
Signal transduction pathway
G protein-coupled receptors
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Ion channel receptors
Second messengers
Chapter 12:
Cell cycle
Phases of mitosis
Cyclin & CDKs
MPF
Cancer
Chapter 13:
Phases of meiosis
Crossing over
Tetrads
Comparison of meiosis I and II
Comparison of mitosis and meiosis
Chapter 14:
Law of segregation
Punnett squares: dominance, incomplete,
co-, multiple alleles, sex-linked, dihybrids
Law of independent assortment
Probability – rule of multiplication/rule of
addition
Epistasis
Pedigree analysis
Fetal testing
Chapter 15:
Chromosome theory of inheritance
X-linked genes & disorders
X inactivation
Linkage map
Aneuploidy
Polyploidy
4 kinds of mutations
Down syndrome
Chapter 16:
Bacterial transformation
Phages
Structure of DNA
Purines/pyrimidines
Watson/Crick/Franklin
Semiconservative
Anti-parallel
Steps for DNA replication
Leading strand vs lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
Helicase
Single strand binding proteins
Topoisomerase
Primer
Primase
DNA polymerase
Ligase
Telomeres
Telomerase
Chapter 17:
Steps of transcription
mRNA
Primary transcript
Codon
Promoter
TATA box
Transcription factors
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
RNA processing
RNA splicing
Introns vs exons
Spliceosome
Alternative RNA splicing
Steps of translation
tRNA structure
Anticodon
Amino acids
Wobble effect
Ribosome sites: A, P, E
Polypeptide
Peptide bonds
Types of mutations and their effects
Chapter 22:
Evolution
Darwin’s voyage & findings
Natural selection
Adaptation
Drug-resistant bacteria
Homologous vs analogous structures
Vestigial structures
Cladogram (evolutionary tree)
Fossil record
Biogeography
Chapter 23:
Microevolution
Population
Gene pool
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
5 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg
Hardy-Weinberg problems/equations
Genetic drift
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Types of selection: directional, disruptive,
stabilizing
Sexual selection
Heterozygote advantage
Chapter 24:
Pre-zygotic barriers
Post-zygotic barriers
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Polyploidy: autopolyploid, allopolyploid
Hybrid zones
Gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium
Macroevolution
Chapter 25:
Primitive Earth conditions
Protocells
Ribrozymes
Endosymbiont theory
Adaptive radiations
Paedomorphosis
Homeotic genes