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Interspecific Relationships Between members of different species Commensalism One species benefits (+) The other species is neutral (o) – neither benefits nor harms. Commensalism One species benefits (+) The other species is neutral (o) – neither benefits nor harms. EG – Barnacles cement themselves onto shells of other barnacles. The barnacle can attach and feed and the other is not bothered. Mutualism Relationship between 2 species where both benefit. Mutualism Relationship between 2 species where both benefit. Their reproductive fitness is increased (they have a greater chance of surviving to reproductive age or produce more offspring) Mutualism Relationship between 2 species where both benefit. Their reproductive fitness is increased (they have a greater chance of surviving to reproductive age or produce more offspring) EG – Clownfish. Hide in anemone’s tentacles for protection. Clownfish protect the anemone against butterflyfish that prey on it. Exploitation Involves two members of two species where one benefits (+) and one is harmed (-). Exploitation Involves two members of two species where one benefits (+) and one is harmed (-). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqa0OPbdvjw Herbivory (exploitation) Herbivores eat plants – they benefit and the plant is harmed. Herbivory (exploitation) Herbivores eat plants – they benefit and the plant is harmed. Herbivores are the primary consumers in all food chains – without herb’s carnivores would not exist. Herbivory (exploitation) Herbivores eat plants – they benefit and the plant is harmed. Herbivores are the primary consumers in all food chains – without herb’s carnivores would not exist. Can be distinguished by what they eat: - Grazers feed on grass and meadow plants Herbivory (exploitation) Herbivores eat plants – they benefit and the plant is harmed. Herbivores are the primary consumers in all food chains – without herb’s carnivores would not exist. Can be distinguished by what they eat: - Grazers feed on grass and meadow plants - Browsers feed on tree foliage Herbivory (exploitation) Herbivores eat plants – they benefit and the plant is harmed. Herbivores are the primary consumers in all food chains – without herb’s carnivores would not exist. Can be distinguished by what they eat: - Grazers feed on grass and meadow plants - Browsers feed on tree foliage - Nectar feeders Herbivory (exploitation) Herbivores eat plants – they benefit and the plant is harmed. Herbivores are the primary consumers in all food chains – without herb’s carnivores would not exist. Can be distinguished by what they eat: - Grazers feed on grass and meadow plants - Browsers feed on tree foliage - Nectar feeders - Pollen feeders - Sap suckers Herbivory (exploitation) Herbivores eat plants – they benefit and the plant is harmed. Herbivores are the primary consumers in all food chains – without herb’s carnivores would not exist. Can be distinguished by what they eat: - Grazers feed on grass and meadow plants - Browsers feed on tree foliage - Nectar feeders - Pollen feeders - Sap suckers - Chewers – eg caterpillars Herbivory Most herbivores are polyphagous (eat a variety of plants) and without them, dominant plant species would out-compete slower growing species. Mechanical defence against herbivory Plants have evolved devices that attempt to prevent to be eaten: - Spines (Eg holly) - Thorns (Eg hawthorn) Mechanical defence against herbivory Plants have evolved devices that attempt to prevent to be eaten: - Spines (Eg holly) - Thorns (Eg hawthorn) - Prickles (Eg roses) - Stings. Release chemicals from secretory cells. The tip of the hair breaks off upon contact into the skin, causing irritation. (Eg NZ native nettle Ongaonga) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9MV5CgPgIQ Chemical defence against herbivory Cyanogenic glycosides – release hydrogen cyanide when the plant’s tissues are damaged (Eg karaka seeds) Chemical defence against herbivory Cyanogenic glycosides – release hydrogen cyanide when the plant’s tissues are damaged (Eg karaka seeds) Cardiac glycosides – heart poisons. (Eg tutu, foxglove, swan plant) Chemical defence against herbivory Cyanogenic glycosides – release hydrogen cyanide when the plant’s tissues are damaged (Eg karaka seeds) Cardiac glycosides – heart poisons. (Eg tutu, foxglove, swan plant) Insect hormones – ferns and conifers are generally resistant to insect attack – hormones disrupt the growth of the insects. Chemical defence against herbivory Cyanogenic glycosides – release hydrogen cyanide when the plant’s tissues are damaged (Eg karaka seeds) Cardiac glycosides – heart poisons. (Eg tutu, foxglove, swan plant) Insect hormones – ferns and conifers are generally resistant to insect attack – hormones disrupt the growth of the insects. Tannins – make plants bitter and leaves hard to digest. Chemical defence against herbivory Cyanogenic glycosides – release hydrogen cyanide when the plant’s tissues are damaged (Eg karaka seeds) Cardiac glycosides – heart poisons. (Eg tutu, foxglove, swan plant) Insect hormones – ferns and conifers are generally resistant to insect attack – hormones disrupt the growth of the insects. Tannins – make plants bitter and leaves hard to digest. *Herb’s can overcome this by focussing on young leaves which often have less chemical defence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1L0To9vLZDQ Parasitism A parasite can live on and feed off another living organism Parasitism A parasite can live on and feed off another living organism Ectoparasites – live or feed on the outside of the host Endoparasites – on in inside Parasitism A parasite can live on and feed off another living organism Ectoparasites – live or feed on the outside of the host Endoparasites – on in inside Mistletoe are partial parasites Parasitism A parasite can live on and feed off another living organism Ectoparasites – live or feed on the outside of the host Endoparasites – on in inside Mistletoe are partial parasites A parasite depends on the host which is not usually killed – although weakened. Ectoparasites Many bloodsucking ectoparasites are vectors in the transmission of disease – eg some mosquitoes transmit malaria. Ectoparasites Many bloodsucking ectoparasites are vectors in the transmission of disease – eg some mosquitoes transmit malaria. Many ectoparasites are wingless (lice and fleas) – often having strong claws to hold onto host. Endoparasites Typically inhabit the gut (tapeworms), bile duct (liver fluke), and blood vessels (roundworms). Endoparasites Typically inhabit the gut (tapeworms), bile duct (liver fluke), and blood vessels (roundworms). Because endoparasites don’t have to find food or escape predators, they have reduced sensory, muscular an nervous systems. Endoparasites Typically inhabit the gut (tapeworms), bile duct (liver fluke), and blood vessels (roundworms). Because endoparasites don’t have to find food or escape predators, they have reduced sensory, muscular an nervous systems. They have structures to hold on – hooks, suckers etc Endoparasites Typically inhabit the gut (tapeworms), bile duct (liver fluke), and blood vessels (roundworms). Because endoparasites don’t have to find food or escape predators, they have reduced sensory, muscular an nervous systems. They have structures to hold on – hooks, suckers etc Highly developed reproductive capacity – host will eventually die, so offspring needs to get to new hosts. Eggs can leave one host and be eaten by another. Social parasites Brood parasitism – a cuckoo uses a member of another species to raise its young. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAU5MTXmAPY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO1WccH2_YM Social parasites Brood parasitism – a cuckoo uses a member of another species to raise its young. Even though the young cuckoos don’t learn anything from their own species, they still have no trouble recognising cuckoos when at reproductive age. Parasitism in plants A true plant parasite have no roots and chlorophyll and are entirely attached to the host plant.
