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Chapter 5 Leading to War Key Terms • Revenue- Money • Writs of Assistance- Legal documents that allow officers to enter any location to search for anything • Resolution- a formal expression of political opinion • Effigy- A stuffed dummy • Boycott- Refusing to support business • Non importation- Not bringing anything into • Repeal- Canceling • Admiralty Court- Military Court Relations with Britain • Proclamation of 1763 • Keeping a standing army • Britain seeks revenue to pay for the war Increased Taxes don’t work • • • • George Grenville, Prime Minister Angry at smugglers Civilians tried in Admiralty Courts Gives Writs of Assistance to tax collectors Sugar Act • Actually lowered taxes and made smuggling more illegal • So what’s the problem? Stamp Act • Every printed document must have a stamp that must be paid for • Interferes and inconveniences their lives • Quartering Act- Soldiers get to live at your house Stamp Act Congress • Patrick Henry • Virginia passes a resolution saying it is up to the colonists to approve and decide taxes Samuel Adams • Gets together with some rowdy friends and creates the SONS OF LIBERTY • Large protest group, burns effigies Stamp Act Congress • A group representing 9 colonies meets and petitions the king asking for the right to decide taxes • Stages a mass boycott and non importation agreement Declaratory Act, 1766 • Binds the crown and the colonies, “in all cases whatsoever” • Repeals the stamp act Townshend Acts • Taxes on only imported goods • The problem is that the goods that are imported are required for basic needs Daughters of Liberty • Advocate for Boycotts • Wear homemade clothes • Be independent of Britain BUILDING COLONIAL UNITY Trouble in Boston • The Liberty Affair • Soldiers aren’t the most savory of individuals • Bostonians hate the redcoats The Boston Massacre The Boston Massacre • March 5, 1770 • “We did not send for you. We will not have you here. We’ll get rid of you, we’ll drive you away” • “Fire you bloodybacks, you lobsters, you dare not fire” • Throwing stones, snowballs, pieces of wood Aftermath • 5 colonists killed, including Crispus Attucks, a part African, Part Native American • “Are the inhabitants to be knocked down in the streets? Are they to be murdered in this manner? The Trial • John Adams defends the soldiers • Even the most hated redcoats deserve an honest and fair trial Propaganda • Information designed to influence opinion • Describing the “Massacre” • Committee of Correspondence- A group of organizers driving propaganda Tea Act, 1773 • Actually lowered the price of tea • East India Trading Company could ship without paying taxes • The problem is representation, also it hurt colonial merchants The Boston Tea Party • Threats work for a while • Dartmouth, Eleanor, and the Beaver • 60 men dressed as Mohawk Indians destroy tea shipment • Why Indians? Intolerable Acts • Boston Port Act- Shut down the Boston Port • Massachusetts Government Act- Put Parliament in charge of Mass. • Administration of Justice Act- Gave Parliament and the Army more power over colonists • Quebec Act- Gave French more freedom and power in Quebec • Quartering Acts- Forced the colonists to house Soldiers A CALL TO ARMS The Proof is in the Songs • Liberty but continual loyalty • The Bold Americans SaysWe’ll honor George, our sovereign, while he sits on the throne. If he grants us liberty, no other king we’ll own If he will grant us liberty, so plainly shall you see We are the boys that fear no noise! Success to liberty Where are we in Hamilton • My Shot • The Story of Tonight • Farmer Refuted The First Continental Congress • September 1744, 55 men • Attempting to organize and represent American interests and get something done • “The distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders are no more… I am not a Virginian, but an American”- Patrick Henry Delegates • Georgia is absent • Massachusetts sends the Adams cousins, John and Samuel • New York sent John Jay • Virginia sent Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, and George Washington Decisions • Not united in their views • Draft a statement of grievances calling for the repeal of the 13 acts passed • Declare that the laws violate the fundamental rule of law and the laws of nature • Vote to Boycott • Supported the local militias First Battles • Birth of the Minuteman • “People are evidently making every preparation for resistance. They are taking every means to provide themselves with arms.” King George Responds • George goes to Parliament to tell them he’s sending troops • “to Concord, where you will seize and destroy all the artillery and ammunition you can find” Alerting the Colonists • April 18, 1775, the British attack • Dr. Joseph Warren sees the British coming • Two Lanterns hung in Old North Church in Boston Midnight Ride • Paul Revere and William Dawes ride to Lexington and warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock • The Minutemen are ready for the Redcoats Lexington and Concord Lexington and Concord • At Dawn the redcoats reach Lexington • About 70 minutemen are waiting for them • The Shot Heard Round the World Lexington and Concord • British troops kill 8 minutemen • Push them back to Concord • While the battle is technically a “loss” it is much more • 174 wounded British, 74 dead • Blacksmiths, farmers, saddle makers, and clerks More Military Action • Benedict Arnold seizes Ticonderoga • Surprises the British • Who is Benedict Arnold? Building forces • Americans build forces and eventually the “militia” grows to 20,000 in Boston Battle of Bunker Hill Bunker Hill • • • • • • 16 June 1775 1200 Militiamen under Col. William Prescott Actually takes place on Breed’s Hill Low on gunpowder and ammunition British charge 3 times Lack of ammunition, not casualties that win the war Declaring Independence • It's too late to apologize remix • Lyrics Your Assignment • Pick your own song • Create one verse and chorus • Use the Declaration of Independence as a guide Moving Towards Independence The Second Continental Congress • May 1775 • Members were not set on breaking from Britain despite Lexington and Concord • Jefferson is the youngest there, 32 years old • Franklin is the most popular • Hancock is probably the richest, president of the congress Second Continental Congress • Starts to govern the colonies, sort of • Prints money, sets up a post office, and establishes relations with Natives • Creates a Continental Army, lead by George Washington Olive Branch Petition • 5 July 1775 • The Last attempt to avoid war with Britain King George’s Refusal • King George isn’t having it • Decides to send 30,000 German Mercenaries instead, called Hessians Colonists go on the Attack • British are planning to invade from Canada • The Americans take Fort Ticonderoga and Montreal in November 1775 • Can’t Take Quebec • The growing Militia spends the winter at Fort Ticonderoga Washington arrives at Boston • Just after the fall of Bunker Hill Washington makes it to Boston • By March Washington judges the militia to be large enough to take Boston • Fortifies his cannons and points them at Boston Thomas Paine • Prominent writer • Pushes the colonists towards war • Cries that it is common sense to stop following the royal brute Declaring Independence • Richard Henry Lee proposes a resolution – “That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states… and that all political connection betweeen them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved” Drafting the Declaration • Thomas Jefferson, the youngest (32), is selected to draft the Declaration • Adams was the first choice, but he knew Jefferson was a better writer, and people liked him more • Jefferson uses the words of philosophers Montesquieu and Locke Quick Facts • • • • • 2 July 1776, voted on and partially signed 4 July 1776, revised, finalized, signed 56 signers John Hancock’s Signature Copies sent out to the states, the troops, King George, and Parliament DOI • 4 Parts – Preamble – Declaration of Natural Rights – Grievances – Declaration of Independence • We hold these truths to be SELF EVIDENT, that all man are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness
