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AP European History Chapter 21:
Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850
Name_____________________________________________Date____________Period_________Score__________
Focus Questions
In this chapter, students will focus on:
1. The goals of the Congress of Vienna, and the Concert of Europe, and how
successful they were in achieving those goals
2. The main tenets of conservatism, liberalism, nationalism, utopian socialism, and
the roles they played in Europe
3. The forces of change present and the responses in France and Great Britain
between 1830 and 1848
4. The causes of the revolutions of 1848, and why they failed
5. How Europe responded to the need for order in society in the first half of the 19th
century
6. The characteristics of Romanticism, reflected in literature, art, and music
7. Intellectual and artistic developments and how they related to the political and social forces
of the age
Lecture Outline
I.
II.
The Conservative Order (1815-1830)
A.
The Peace Settlement
1.
Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia
2.
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
a.
The principal of legitimacy
b.
A new balance of power
B.
Conservative Ideology
1.
From Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution of France
2.
Obedience to political authority
3.
Organized religion was crucial to social order
4.
Hated revolutionary upheavals
5.
Unwilling to accept liberal demands or representative government
Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe
A.
The Concert of Europe
1.
Met several times: congresses
2.
Quintuple Alliance
3.
Principle of intervention
a.
Outbreak of revolution in Spain and Italy
1
B.
III.
IV.
V.
The Revolt of Latin America
1.
Bourbon monarchy of Spain toppled
2.
Latin American countries begin declaring independence
a.
Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)
b.
Jose de San Martin (1778-1850)
C.
The Greek Revolt, 1821-1832
1.
Intervention could support revolution as well
2.
Greek revolt in, 1820
3.
Britain, France, Russia at war
4.
Treaty of Adrianople, 1829
Conservative Domination: The European States
A.
Great Britain: Rule of the Tories
1.
Landowning classes dominate Parliament
2.
Tory and Whig factions: Tories dominate
B.
Restoration of France
1.
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
2.
Ultra royalists
C.
Intervention in the Italian States and Spain
1.
Conservative reaction against the forces of nationalism and liberalism
D.
Repression in Central Europe
1.
Metternich and the forces of reaction
2.
Liberal and national movements in Germany
3.
Karlstad Decrees (1819)
E.
Russia
1.
Rural, agricultural, and automatic
2.
Alexander I (1801-1825)
3.
Nicholas I (1825-1855)
Ideologies of Change
A.
Liberalism
1.
Economic liberalism (Classical economics)
a.
Laissez-faire
2.
Political liberalism
a.
Ideology of political liberalism
3.
David Ricardo (1772-1823)
4.
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty
a.
Supported Women’s rights
b.
On the Subjection of Women
B.
Nationalism
1.
Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and
customs
2.
The community is called a “nation”
3.
Nationalist ideology
4.
Allied with liberalism
Early Socialism
A.
Utopian Socialists
1.
Charles Fourier (1772-1838)
2.
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
2
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
3.
Louis Blanc (1813-1882)
4.
Female Supporters
5.
Flora Tristan (1803-1844)
Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850
A.
Another French Revolution
1.
Charles X (1824-1830)
a.
Revolt by liberals
2.
Louis-Philippe (1830-1848)
a.
The bourgeois monarch
b.
Constitutional changes favor the upper bourgeoisie
B.
Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy
1.
Austrian Netherlands given to Dutch Republic
2.
Revolt by the Belgians
3.
Revolt attempts in Poland and Italy
Reform in Great Britain
A.
The Reform Act of 1832
1.
New political power for industrial urban communities
2.
Benefited the upper middle class
B.
New Reform Legislation
1.
Poor Law of 1834
2.
Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)
The Revolutions of 1848
A.
Yet Another French Revolution
1.
Scandals, graft, corruption, and failure to initiate reform
2.
Louis-Philippe abdicates, February 24, 1848
3.
Provisional government established
a.
Elections to be by universal manhood suffrage
b.
National workshops
c.
Growing split between moderate and liberal republicans
4.
Second Republic Established
a.
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected in December, 1848
Revolution in Central Europe
A.
French revolts led to promises of reform
1.
Frederick William IV (1840-1861)
a.
Frankfurt Assembly
2.
Austrian Empire
a.
Louis Kossuth, Hungary
b.
Metternich flees the country
c.
Hungary’s wishes granted
d.
Francis Joseph I (1848-1916)
Revolts in the Italian States
A.
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
1.
Young Italy, 1831
2.
Goal: a united Italy
B.
Cristina Belgioioso (1808-1871)
C.
Charles Albert (r. 1831-1849)
The Failures of 1848
A.
Division within the revolutionaries
3
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
1.
Radicals and liberals
B.
Divisions among nationalities
The Maturing of the United States
A.
The American Constitution contained forces of liberalism and nationalism
B.
Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804), Federalist
C.
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), Republican
D.
Effects of War of 1812
E.
John Marshall (1755-1835)
F.
Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) and democracy
The Emergence of an Ordered Society
A.
Development of a regular system of police
1.
Purpose of police
B.
French Police
1.
First appearance of new kind of police in Paris
C.
British Bobbies
1.
“Bobbies” introduced in 1829-1830
2.
Goal was to prevent crime
D.
Crime and Social Reform
1.
New poor laws
2.
Moral reformers
3.
Organized religion
E.
Prison Reform
1.
The United States takes the lead (Auburn Prison in New York, Walnut
Street Prison in Philadelphia)
2.
Prison reform in France and Britain
The Characteristics of Romanticism
A.
Emotion, sentiment and inner feelings
B.
Tragic figure
1.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
2.
The Sorrows of the Young Werther
C.
Individualism
D.
Interest in the past
1.
Grimm Brothers
2.
Hans Christian Andersen
3.
Walter Scott
E.
Gothic literature
1.
Edgar Allan Poe (1808-1849)
2.
Mary Shelley (1797-1851)
F.
Experimentation with drugs
Romantic Poets and the Love of Nature
A.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
1.
Prometheus Unbound
B.
Lord Byron (1788-1824)
1.
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
C.
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
1.
The mysterious force of nature
D.
Critique of Science
4
XVI.
XVII.
Romanticism in Art and Music
A.
Casper David Friedrich (1774-1840)
1.
God and nature
B.
Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)
1.
Passion for color
C.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1170-1827)
Religion in the Age of Romanticism
A.
Revival of Catholicism
1.
Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand
B.
Revival of Protestantism
I John 4:7 Beloved, let us love one another, because love is of God and everyone who loves is begotten by God and knows God.
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CHAPTER 21 SUMMARY
One of the many “isms” of the nineteenth century was conservatism. For conservatives, society and the
state, not the individual, was paramount, in a world to be guided by tradition. The victors over Napoleon met at
the Congress of Vienna, forming the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Its guiding principle
was “legitimacy,” or monarchical government, to be maintained by a balance of power. A new German
confederation replaced the Holy Roman Empire. The Quadruple Alliance became the Quintuple Alliance with the
admittance of France.
Acting as the Concert of Europe, the major powers intervened to uphold conservative governments.
However, Britain, seeking new markets, opposed intervention when Spain’s Latin American colonies declared their
independence. Britain was under conservative Tory rule until 1830 despite economic protests and demands for
electoral reform. The Bourbons returned to France with Louis XVIII (1814-1824) and Charles X (1824-1830).
Bourbon Spain and Italy remained under conservative rule. The reform hopes of German students and professors
were negated by the repressive measures of the Carlsbad Decrees. Order was maintained in multi-ethnic Austria,
and in Russia a reform movement was crushed in 1825.
Liberalism grew out of the Enlightenment and the era of Revolutions. Freedom was the air, both in
politics and in economics; the state should have no responsibilities except in defense, policing, and public works
construction. Natural rights and representative government were essential but most liberals limited voting to
male property owners. Nationalism, with its belief in a community with common traditions, language, and
customs, also emerged from the French Revolution, threatening the status quo in divided Germany and Italy and
the multi-ethnic Austrian Empire. Utopian socialists envisioned cooperation rather than competitive capitalism,
and voluntary communities were established and government workshops suggested.
In 1830, an uprising in France led to a constitutional monarchy headed by Louis-Philippe (1830-1848),
supported by the upper middle-class. Belgium split off from the Netherlands, but national uprisings in Poland and
Italy failed. In Britain, the franchise was widened to include the upper middle-classes, and free trade became the
norm. The great revolutionary year was 1848. France’s Louis-Philippe fled into exile and the Second Republic was
established with universal manhood suffrage, but conflict developed between socialist demands and the
republican political agenda. A unified Germany was the aim of the Frankfurt Assembly, but it failed. In Austria,
liberal demands of Hungarians and others were put down. In Italy, there were uprisings against Austrian rule and a
republic was proclaimed in Rome, but conservatives regained control.
To attain an ordered society, civilian police forces were created, such as London’s “bobbies.” Urban
poverty was addressed through workhouses and technical institutes to teach productive trades. Sunday schools
were established and churches campaigned against gambling and prostitution. In prisons, the incarcerated would
be reformed through work or by isolation.
Romanticism, a reaction against Enlightenment reason, favored intuition, feeling, and emotion. Johan
Wolfgang von Goethe wrote a popular novel about a youth who committed suicide for love. The brothers Grimm
collected folk tales, and the Middle Ages inspired Sir Walter Scott. Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe wrote about
the bizarre and Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord George Byron was notable poets. Nature was often the subject in
William Wordsworth’s poetry and the paintings of Caspar David Friedrich and J.M.W. Turner. In music, Ludwig von
Beethoven and Hector Berlioz were major figures. Religious Romanticism was to be found in Catholicism’s
medieval heritage and in Protestant revival movements.
This is the day that the Lord has made we will rejoice and be glad –Psalm 118:24
6
1814
1821
1828
1835
1842
1849
___
Congress of Vienna
____
__July Revolution in France
Frankfurt Assembly
_____________
-------
Revolutions in Latin America
Revolutions in France,
______
German, Italian states
Revolutions in Belgium, Poland, & Italian states
_____
London
& Austrian Empire
___
Reform Act in Britain
Police
_____Shelley, Prometheus Unbound
____Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony
____Friedrich, Man & Woman Gazing at the Moon
___Tristan, Worker’s Union
Time Line AP European History Chapter 21
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ESSAY
1.
Did the Congress of Vienna represent a resurgence of old traditions or the emergence of
a new international order, or perhaps, some of both?
ANS:
2.
What were the chief ideas associated with the ideology of conservatism in the first half
of the nineteenth century? How were these ideas put into practice between 1815 and
1830? How has conservative ideology changed over the last century?
ANS:
3.
What were the chief ideas associated with the ideologies of liberalism, nationalism, and
early or utopian socialism? Why were liberalism, nationalism, and early socialism
considered revolutionary by many people? How were these ideologies similar? How
were they different?
ANS:
4.
During the 1830s and 1840s, did Britain undergo a silent revolution of laws and gradual
shifts?
ANS:
5.
Discuss the revolutions of 1848 in France, central Europe, and Italy. What caused them?
What did they achieve initially? Why did the revolutionary forces fail? What did the
revolutions actually achieve?
ANS:
6.
Compare the revolutions of Latin America to the revolutions of Europe during the early
to middle decades of the nineteenth century.
ANS:
9
7.
In what specific ways did Europe respond to the need for order in society in the first half
of the nineteenth century?
ANS:
8.
Discuss the major ideas of Romanticism and show why they were related to the social,
artistic, and literary forces of the age.
ANS:
9.
What might be political romanticism? Define it and give examples from the first half of
the nineteenth century.
ANS:
10.
Compare and contrast the concepts of romanticism as exhibited in Caspar David
Friedrich’s Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon with Eugene Delacroix’s The Death of
Sardanapalus.
ANS:
11.
What were some of the means that governments attempted to maintain “order” in the
nineteenth century? Which were most successful, and why?
ANS:
IDENTIFICATIONS
1.
Congress of Vienna
ANS:
2.
Klemens von Metternich
10
ANS:
3.
“Legitimacy”
ANS:
4.
Balance of power
ANS:
5.
Edmund Burke and conservatism
ANS:
6.
Joseph de Maistre and conservatism
ANS:
7.
Concert of Europe
ANS:
8.
The congress system
ANS:
9.
Latin America revolts
ANS:
11
10.
Monroe Doctrine
ANS:
11.
Greek Revolt
ANS:
12.
Britain’s Tories and Whigs
ANS:
13.
Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre
ANS:
14.
Louis XVIII and Charles X
ANS:
15.
Carbonari
ANS:
16.
Germanic Confederation
ANS:
17.
Burschenschaften
ANS:
12
18.
The Decembrist Revolt
ANS:
19.
Tsar Nicholas I
ANS:
20.
Classical economics
ANS:
21.
Thomas Malthus
ANS:
22.
David Ricardo’s “iron law of wages”
ANS:
23.
John Stuart Mill
ANS:
24.
on the Subjection of Women
ANS:
25.
Utopian socialism
ANS:
13
26.
Charles Fourier’s phalansteries
ANS:
27.
Robert Owen’s New Lanark
ANS:
28.
Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan
ANS:
29.
France’s July Revolution of 1830
ANS:
30.
Parties of Movement and Resistance
ANS:
31.
Reform Act of 1832
ANS:
32.
Revolutions of 1848
ANS:
33.
France’s Second Republic
ANS:
14
34.
Frankfurt Assembly
ANS:
35.
Louis Kossuth
ANS:
36.
Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy
ANS:
37.
Jacksonian Democracy
ANS:
38.
Serjents, “bobbies,” and Schutzmannschaft
ANS:
39.
London Mechanics’ Institute
ANS:
40.
Romanticism
ANS:
41.
Goethe’s The Sorrows of the Young Werther
ANS:
15
42.
Brothers Grimm
ANS:
43.
Sir Walter Scott
ANS:
44.
neo-Gothic architecture
ANS:
45.
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
ANS:
46.
Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron
ANS:
47.
William Wordsworth
ANS:
48.
Caspar David Friedrich, J.M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix
ANS:
49.
Ludwig von Beethoven and Hector Berlioz
ANS:
16
50.
Chateaubriand’s Genius of Christianity
ANS:
They shall call on my name, and I will hear them: Zechariah 13:9
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Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 21
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
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Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 21
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
19
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 21
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
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Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 21
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
21
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 21
22
AP European History Chapter 21:
Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850
Name____________________________________________Period______________Date_____________Score___________
Focus Questions
1. The goals of the Congress of Vienna, and the Concert of Europe, and how
successful they were in achieving those goals
23
2. The main tenets of conservatism, liberalism, national ism, utopian socialism, and
the roles they played in Europe
24
3. The forces of change present and the responses in France and Great Britain
between 1830 and 1848
25
4. The causes of the revolutions of 1848, and why they failed
26
5. How Europe responded to the need for order in society in the first half of the 19th
century
27
6. The characteristics of Romanticism, reflected in literature, art, and music
28
7. Intellectual and artistic developments, and how they related to the political and social forces
of the age
29
Spill over Focus Questions and Answers European History Chapter 21
30