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Weather Weather vs. Climate • Weather changes from day to day • One day it may be hot and dry, the next day cold, wet, and stormy • Climate is the average weather for a particular region over a long period of time • As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect and weather is what you get” What is Weather? • The state of our atmosphere on a ___to day basis, with respect to _______and_______ Answer Bank temperature day precipitation Liquid Absorbed Phase released Evaporation • Water exists in our atmosphere in a solid, liquid and gas form • In order for a liquid like water to become a gas, energy must be absorbed! • If enough energy is absorbed, the molecules can escape, and enter the gas phase What is Evaporation? • The cooling process by which water is converted from a liquid into a ____ (water vapor) • Energy is ____ and it is a cooling process Answer Bank Evaporation gas Continuous Liquid Absorbed Phase released Condensation • Think of Condensation as evaporation in reverse • If water vapor in the air cools, it will turn back into a liquid • So, Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water What is Condensation? • The process by which water vapor in the air is changed back into _____water • Energy is______ Answer Bank Evaporation gas Continuous Liquid Absorbed Phase released Humidity • Water is in the air all around us • But how much? • It all depends on how warm the air is • The warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold or contain • The cooler the air, the less water vapor it can contain What is Humidity? • A measure of the amount of _____in the air • Warmer air can hold more water vapor Critical thinking: Have you ever visited a tropical location?? Was the air humid or dry??? Answer Bank decrease surface altitude droplets Water vapor rises condensation The Water Cycle Water is now stored in the atmosphere water vapor Stored As water on land flows back to the ocean Evaporation causes As rises the itClouds cools, rise through rivers or cool, and higher, condenses, they water molecules groundwater The ocean absorbs dropping turning Precipitation back into toA(snow, rise liquid, hail, forming rain) radiation (heat) clouds from the sun What is the Water Cycle? • The _______movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth through evaporation and condensation Answer Bank Evaporation gas Continuous Liquid Absorbed phase Summarize: • ______ is the state of our atmosphere on a daily basis • _______ is when water is converted from a liquid into a gas and _______ when water vapor (gas) in the air is changed back into liquid water • Humidity is A measure of the amount of _____in the air • The ________ _________is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth through evaporation and condensation Answer Bank Humidity Evaporation Water cycle Weather Condensation water Topic: Dew point and clouds • Objectives: – I will know what the dew point is – I will know what a cloud is and how we classify them Dew Point • Air can only hold so much moisture • Air At acan certain only hold temperature, the so much moisture dew point, condensation begins • At the dew point temperature clouds, fog or Dew will form Air begins to cool at night Eventually it will reach the Dew Point, Temperature when condensation begins At the dew point temperature Fog, clouds or dew form Dew Point • Remember, humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air • When warm, saturated, humid air comes in contact with cooler surfaces, dew forms as a result of condensation • Features such as grass, leaves, and spider webs often contain dew What is the Dew Point? • The temperature air needs to cool for _______to begin • If the temperature is _____then Dew Pt., then clouds, fog or Dew will form Answer Bank decrease surface altitude droplets Water vapor rises Condensation below At the dew point temperature Fog, clouds or dew form Clouds • Clouds are small collections of small water droplets or ice crystals that form through condensation or freezing • Clouds can form either high in our atmosphere or near the surface What is a Cloud? • A collection of small water _____ or ice crystals suspended in the air, • They form from ______when the temperature is below the_______ Answer Bank Dew point surface altitude droplets Water vapor rises Condensation below Cloud Classification • Clouds are classified by their shape and altitude • The 3 basic cloud types are: stratus, cumulus, and cirrus Stratus Clouds • Clouds with flat bottoms that are found close to the surface • “Stratus” means sheet like or layered • Right above fog are stratus clouds Cumulus Clouds • Cumulus clouds resemble big fluffy cotton balls • They have a flat base that show a well-defined condensation level Cirrus Clouds • Cirrus clouds have feathery appearance and are composed of ice crystals • They form at high elevations • Cirrus clouds are seen during sunny skies and are a sign that bad weather is on it’s way What are the 3 types of clouds? • Stratus- low _____ clouds, with layered, sheet like shape • Cumulus-middle altitude clouds, with flat, _____shape • Cirrus- ____altitude clouds made of ____ crystals, giving them a feather like shape & associated with sunny, fair weather Answer Bank wedging Ice combination Altitude high convergence fluffy lifting Condensation Nuclei • Our atmosphere contains billions of particles of dust, pollen, ice, salt and other materials • Because these particles are so small, they remain suspended in our air • These small particles provide the “seed” needed for water to condense into water droplets Condensation Nuclei • Condensation nuclei are very small • Water molecules are attracted the surface of these small particles • The result is a typical cloud droplet that forms by condensation Dust Particle Salt Crystal Condensation Nuclei • To give you an idea of how small these particles are, we can compare the size of a rain drop and cloud droplet to the size of a condensation nuclei Water Molecules love Condensation Nuclei! Dust grain: Condensation Nuclei Condensation Nuclei • Smoke particles can serve as condensation nuclei • Here, a cloud forms over a small fire What are Condensation Nuclei? • A solid particle (dust, pollen, salt) in the atmosphere that provides the _____on which water vapor condenses Answer Bank decrease surface altitude droplets Water vapor rises Condensation below Summarize • ____ clouds are low elevation clouds and have a flat shape to them • _____ clouds are fluffy and slightly higher than stratus clouds • ______ clouds are high elevation clouds made of ice crystals • _____ _____ is the temperature at which clouds, fog, and dew forms • A ________ is collection of small water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air • ______ ______ provide a surface for water droplets to condense on Answer Bank Dew point cloud Humidity Water vapor rises Cumulus Cirrus Stratus Condensation nuclei Topic: Cloud Foramtion • Objectives: – I will know the 4 ways clouds can form – I will understand coalescence and the 4 kinds of precipitation Cloud Formation • When air rises it cools, condenses and reaches the DEW POINT temperature • Whenever humid air rises, clouds form Convective Lifting Dew Point Temperature Temperature air needs to cool In order for clouds, fog & dew to form As air rises it cools!!!!! Orographic Lifting Dew Point Temperature Mountains force air to rise, as it rises it cools and condenses!!!!! Covergence Dew Point Temperature Temperature air needs to cool In order for clouds, fog & dew to form As air rises it cools and condenses!!!!! Frontal Wedging Dew Point Temperature Temperature air needs to cool In order for clouds, fog & dew to form Warm Light Air Cold Heavy Air As air rises it cools and condenses!!!!! What caused this band of clouds to form over the equator? Frontal Wedging • Cold air lifting warm air, resulting in clouds How did this 2 ways cloud form? Convergence -2 air masses coming together Orographic Lifting - mountains lifting air What are the 4 ways clouds can form? • When air rises it cools, condenses forming water droplets Answer Bank • 4 ways air rises: wedging - Orographic lifting -mountains lift air - Frontal_____- warm air is lifted above colder air -____________- air converges and is forced upward - Convective______- hot air rises over hot land combination Altitude high convergence fluffy lifting Precipitation • Any moisture that falls from the air to Earth’s surface is called Precipitation • The 4 major types of precipitation are rain, snow, sleet, hail What is Precipitation? • Any _______ that falls from the air to Earth’s surface is called Precipitation • 4 types exist: ______, snow, sleet, hail Answer Bank wedging rain Altitude moisture convergence fluffy Coalescence • Ever wonder how rain drops form? • They form through a process call coalescence • A rain drop is the combination of smaller cloud droplets coming together to form a large rain droplet • As larger droplets grow, they fall picking up even more small droplets in the process Coalescence • How do we go from a small cloud droplet, to a typical, large raindrop Coalescence Rain CloudDroplet Droplets Gravity pulls the heavy Large raindrop down What is Coalescence? • The formation of a large rain droplet by the ______ of smaller droplets Answer Bank wedging Ice combination Altitude high convergence fluffy lifting Summarize The 4 ways clouds can form are _______, ________, _________, and __________. • ________ is the formation of a large rain droplet by the combination of smaller droplets • ______ is any moisture that falls from the air to Earth’s • 4 kinds of precipitation are _____, ______, _____ and _____ Topic: Fronts & High/Low Pressure • Objectives: – I will know the difference between a cold and warm front – I will understand the difference between high and low pressure systems How Air Moves • If you recall, The sun drives our winds due to the uneven heating of earth • This unequal heating creates our global wind patterns • Remember, hot equatorial air moves to the cold poles by convection, resulting in our wind • Then, the Coriolis Effect causes our wind to curve and spin • But, air also moves as a result of pressure differences in our atmosphere How Air Moves • Air moves from areas of high pressure (H), to areas of low pressure (L) • During High Pressure, air sinks • During Low Pressure, air rises High vs. Low Low Pressure As air rises, it spins Counter clockwise As a result, cloudy stormy weather forms High Pressure As air sinks, it spins clockwise As a result sunny, clear weather forms Where in the U.S. is sunny High pressure? Where in the U.S. is stormy Low pressure? Where is the stormy weather? High vs. Low • Wind flows from High Pressure to Low Pressure • The greater the pressure difference, the faster the wind High = 1020mb Low = 990mb Air_____, spinning clockwise creating Sunny clear weather Air_____, spinning counterclockwise creating, cloudy stormy weather Answer Bank temperature tropical cumulus funnel Sinks thunder stratus warm moisture rises Air Masses • When air doesn’t move, it starts to take on a characteristic temperature and humidity for that region • An air mass is a large body of air throughout which temperature and moisture content are similar Cold, Dry air mass Warm Humid Air Mass What is an Air Mass? • A large body of air throughout which temperature and moisture content are similar • Answer Bank temperature tropical cumulus 4 types exist: funnel -Continental – form Sinks over land thunder -Maritime – form stratus over the ocean warm -Tropical – Warm, moisture humid rises -Polar – Cold, Dry Fronts • When 2 air masses meet they don’t mix, they form Fronts • Why?! • Because they have different Temperatures and Densities • A cold air mass is dense and does not mix with a warm air mass • There are 2 types of fronts: Cold Front and a Warm Front Cold Fronts • When a cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass, a cold front forms • The moving, heavier, cold air lifts the warm air • If the warm air is moist, Clouds will form • Large cumulus and cumulonimbus form along cold fronts • A cold front is defined as the area or zone where a cold air mass is replacing a warmer air mass Cold Fronts • The side with the “teeth” has the warmer air • The colder air is pushing the warmer air up A Cold Front Approaching: Notice the large cumulus clouds Warm Fronts • When a cold air mass retreats from an area, a warm front forms • This warmer, lighter, less dense air rises over the cooler air • A warm from has a gradual slope, with clouds that form as the warm air rises along the front • A warm front can cause rain, and even sever thunderstorms • A warm front is defined as the area or zone where a warm air mass is replacing a cold air mass Warm Front On a weather map, Colder temperatures are on the side of the semi circles Where is the warm front? Where is the cold front? What is the difference between Cold Front and Warm Front? • A cold front is when a cold air mass is ______ a warmer air mass and ______ Clouds form as warm air is forced upward • A warm front is an area where a ____ air mass is replacing a cold air mass and _______ clouds form as warm air is forced upward Answer Bank replacing tropical cumulus funnel Sinks thunder stratus warm moisture rises Severe Weather • Severe weather is any weather that may cause property damage or loss of life • Severe weather may include large quantities of rain, lightning or hail, strong winds, or tornadoes • Severe weather causes billions of dollars in damage each year Thunderstorms • A thunderstorm is accompanied by rain, thunder, lightning, and strong winds • A thunderstorm is an extreme low pressure system What is a Thunderstorm? • A brief heavy storm (low pressure) that consists of rain, strong winds, lightning, and________ Answer Bank temperature tropical cumulus funnel Sinks thunder stratus warm moisture rises Tornadoes • A tornado is the most violent, and shortest lived severe storm or low pressure system • It is basically a destructive rotating column of air that has very high winds producing a funnel shaped cloud Tornadoes • The winds of a tornado may reach speed of over 400 kilometers! • Usually everything in a tornado’s path is destroyed Tornado Formation • A tornado is the result of warm tropical air coming up from the gulf of Mexico meeting cold dry air coming down from Canada Cold, dry air mass from Canada Warm, humid air mass from Gulf of Mexico What is a Tornado? • A destructive, rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds and that maybe visible as a funnel shaped cloud • Tornadoes form when a cold dry, polar air mass from Canada meets warm, wet tropical air mass from the Gulf of Mexico Answer Bank temperature tropical cumulus funnel Sinks thunder stratus warm moisture rises Hurricanes • A hurricane is a tropical storm • Hurricanes do not have warm and cold fronts • Hurricanes develop over warm tropical water where evaporation & condensation release a tremendous amount of heat (latent heat) Hurricanes • Hurricanes are about 700 kilometers in diameter and can have winds that can reach up to 275 kilometers an hour along the eye wall • Hurricanes are the most destructive storms on earth Hurricanes form of the coast of Africa where warm ocean temperatures cause massive amounts of evaporation The trade winds blow the hurricane toward the gulf of Mexico & the United States What is a Hurricane? • A severe storm that develops over _____ oceans and whose strong winds of over 120 km/h spiral in toward the lowpressure storm center Answer Bank temperature tropical cumulus funnel Sinks thunder stratus warm moisture rises Summarize • A _____ ______ is when a cold air mass is replacing a warmer air mass and ______ Clouds form • A _____ ______ is an area where a warm air mass is replacing a cold air mass and _____ clouds form • Wind flows from _____ Pressure to ____ Pressure • The greater the pressure difference, the ______ the wind • High pressure systems spin_____ and low pressure systems spin ______ Answer Bank cumulus Cold low clockwise Counter-clockwise Warm Faster high stratus