Download Science Review Packets

Name________________________ Class: __________
True or False:
1) Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place.
2) The amount of water vapor in the air is called humidity.
3) Relative humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor present in the
air compared to the amount needed for saturation at a specific temperature.
4) The temperature at which air is saturated and condensation forms is the
dew point.
5) Warm moist air rises, forming clouds.
6) The main types of clouds are stratus, cumulus, and cirrus.
7) When air is cooled to its dew point near the ground, it forms a stratus cloud
called fog.
8) Water falling from a cloud is called precipitation.
9) Air temperature determines whether water forms rain, snow, sleet of hail.
10) An air mass is a large body of air that has properties similar to the part of
Earth’s surface over which it develops.
11) A boundary between two air masses of different density, moisture, or
temperature is called a front.
12) A tornado is a violently rotating column of air in contact with the ground.
13) Before it touches the ground it is first called a funnel cloud. If it touches
down on land, it is called a tornado. However, if it touches down on water, it is
called a waterspout.
14) A hurricane is a large, swirling, low pressure system that forms over the
warm Atlantic Ocean.
15) A blizzard is a classification given to a winter storm that: has winds of 56
km/h, low temperature, less than 400m of visibility, and all of these conditions
continuing for three or more hours.
16) The National Weather Service issues watches or warnings, depending on
the severity of the storm, for people’s safety.
17) A meteorologist is a person who studies the weather.
18) A station model shows the weather conditions at a specific location on
Earth’s surface.
19) A line that connects points of equal temperature is called an isotherm.
20) An isobar is a line drawn to connect points of equal atmospheric pressure.
Class Project: This is to be done at home and brought to class to show and
tell. Pick one please.
#1- Research and explain with good details five (5) different things that a
meteorologist would have pointed out about the forecast for Hurricane Sandy.
You may use maps, radar or satellite pictures to support your data. Note: one
point should be about the problems associated with Sandy having occurred
during a period of high tides. (5+ written sentences…prepared at home and
brought in on or before the day of the test).
#2- Research and explain with good details five (5) different things that a
meteorologist would have pointed out about the forecast for Blizzard Nemo. You
may use maps, radar or satellite pictures to support your data. Note:
Remember to consider why “Nemo” like all blizzards can be classified as a
blizzard. (5+ written sentences…prepared at home and brought in on or
before the day of the test).
#3- Research and explain with good details five (5) different safety issues
associated with Hurricane Sandy OR explain five (5) ways that New Yorkers
may have better prepared for a hurricane like Sandy. (5+ written sentences…
prepared at home and brought in on or before the day of the test).
#4- Refer to your ‘Friendly Letter to an Alien’ assignment and/or your notes
from Chapter #6, write five (5) different facts about Earth’s atmosphere that
your alien friend should be aware of before visiting our planet. Note: Be sure to
explain why each fact is important to him. (5+ written sentences… prepared
at home and brought in on or before the day of the test).
Name: _________________________________ Class: ____________
Section #1
Study the following vocabulary index cards:
atmospher
e
tropospher
e
ionospher
e
ozon
e
layer
ultraviole
t
radiation
chlorofluorocarbo
n (CFC)
Layers of the Atmosphere
o
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, solids, and liquids.
o
Nitrogen (gas) makes up 78% of our atmosphere. Oxygen makes up 21% of our
atmospheric gases. The other 1% is made up of a number of other gases.
o
Our atmosphere also contains small solid particles (dust, salt, pollen), as well as water
droplets.
o
The atmosphere has five layers- troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,
thermosphere, and exosphere.
o
The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere nearest to the Earth’s surface.
o
The troposphere starts above the ground and goes 10 km above Earth’s surface. We
study, eat, sleep in the troposphere. Weather happens here! Airplanes fly within it!
o
Air in the troposphere is warmed by heat from the Earth’s surface.
o
Electrically-charged particles are found primarily in the ionosphere.
o
Temperatures in the thermosphere are very warm.
o
The exosphere merges into outer space.
Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature
o
Atmospheric pressure decrease with distance from Earth.
o
Because some layers absorb the Sun’s energy more easily than others, the various
layers have different temperatures.
Ozone Layer
o
The Ozone layer is in the stratosphere.
o
The ozone layer absorbs most UV light.
o
Too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancer.
o
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) break down the ozone layer. They destroy the ozone layer
by destroying ozone molecules.
Section #2
Study the following vocabulary index cards:
radiation
conduction
convection
condensation
hydrosphere
Energy From the Sun
o
Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
o
Reflection and absorption by the atmosphere prevent some radiation from reaching
the Earth’s surface.
o
Heat is transferred by radiation (waves), conduction (contact), or convection (flow).
o
Convection is the transfer of heat by the flow of a heated material.
The Water Cycle
o
Water is the only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, and gas in Earth’s
atmosphere.
o
The water cycle affects climate.
o
In the water cycle, evaporated water, condenses into clouds.
o
Water moves between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere through a continual
process of evaporation and condensation.
Earth’s Atmosphere is Unique
o
Earth’s atmosphere controls the amount of solar radiation that reaches Earth’s
surface.
Section #3 Study the following vocabulary index cards:
Coriolis Effect
jet stream
land breeze
sea breeze
Forming Wind
o
Warm air is less dense than cool air.
o
Differences in density and pressure cause air movement and wind.
o
The Coriolis Effect is caused by Earth’s rotation.
o
The distinct wind patterns on Earth’s surface are created by differences in heating and
by the Coriolis effect.
Wind Systems
o
Wind patterns are affected by latitude.
o
Air above the equator is heated more than at any other place on Earth.
o
The prevailing westerlies are responsible for the movement of much of the weather
across the United States.
o
Trade winds are steady winds between the equator and 30 degrees latitude north or
south.
o
Air currents that blow near the north and south poles are the polar easterlies.
o
The doldrums are windless zones near the equator.
o
Sea and land breezes happen because the land heats and cools more quickly than the
water.
6th Grade Science Review for Test!!!!
Section 1 Particles that make up matter are in a state of constant motion.
 The physical state of a type of matter depends mostly upon how
its atoms and molecules are arranged and how they move.
 *Solids that are made up of particles arranged in repeating geometric
patterns are called crystalline solids.
 When the crystal structure of matter begins to collapse into a swarm of
freely flowing molecules, the matter is moving from the solid state to
theliquid state.
 *When the attractive forces holding particles together are strong enough
to hold them together as a group, but not in a fixed position, they form
aliquid.
 A gas completely fills its container.
 Why does a gas completely fill any container you put it in?
Molecules from gas have escaped completely from the attractions of
neighboring molecules. They are very far apart and are free to move
until they collide with a barrier, such as the walls of the container.
Section 2 The energy of moving particles is called kinetic energy.
 When a warm object is brought near a cool object, the cool object
willwarm up.
 Different objects don’t heat at the same rates because they have
differentspecific heats.
 Water has high specific heat which causes it to heat very slowly.
 Vaporization, boiling, and evaporation are changes from the liquid to the
gas state, but condensation is not!
 The temperature remains constant when a liquid reaches its boiling
point.
 Boiling is one form of the state change called vaporization.
 Puddles drying up in the Sun are examples of evaporation.
 Steam changing to liquid water is an example of condensation.
 As a gas condenses to a liquid, it releases the heat that was required to
vaporize the liquid.

Describe how our bodies use evaporation to cool themselves.
The faster water molecules near the surface of water droplets escape
when we sweat. The slower, more cool molecules are left behind. Our
bodies provide the extra heat necessary to evaporate the rest of the
water molecules, so that our bodies are cooled.
 Describe the time vs. temperature graph for water going from room
temperature to past the boiling point
The line on the graph would rise smoothly until it approached 100
degrees Celsius. The temperature levels off at the boiling point as the
water changes into water vapor.
Section 3 The net upward force caused by displaced fluid is buoyant force.
 If an object’s density is less than that of the fluid it is in, it will float.
 If an object’s density is greater than the density of a fluid, it sinks in the
fluid.
 Explain why water comes squirting out of a full water bottle when you
squeeze it.
Molecules throughout the water press against each other, transmitting
the pressure unchanged throughout the fluid.
Ch.2 Study Guide:
Section #1
Study the following vocabulary index cards:
energy
chemical
energy
kinetic
energy
radiant
energy
potential
energy
electrical
energy
thermal
energy
nuclear
energy
The Nature of Energy
o
Energy is the ability to cause change.
o
Kinetic Energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. Kinetic energy depends
on the object’s speed and mass.
o
Potential Energy is the energy an object has due to its position. Potential energy
depends on an object’s height and mass.
(If two vases are side by side on a shelf, how could one have more potential energy?
Answer: The vase with the larger mass would have more potential energy)!
Forces of Energy
o
Thermal energy increases as temperature increases. (Hot chocolate has more thermal
energy than cold water). As temperature increases so does thermal energy.
o
Chemical energy is the energy stored in chemical bonds in molecules. The candle’s
flame is a result of chemical energy stored in the wax. When the wax burns, chemical
energy is transformed into thermal energy and radiant energy. (When a piece of wood
is burning, chemical energy in the wood is also transformed into thermal energy and
radiant energy).
o
Light energy, also called radiant energy, is the energy contained in light. Light from
candles travel through the air at the very fast speed of 300,000 km per second; fast
enough to circle the earth 8 times in one second.
o
Electrical energy is the energy carried by electric current. Think about all of the things
that are powered by electricity in your home, such as: The refrigerator, microwave,
TV, lights, computer, etc.
o
Nuclear energy is the energy contained in the nucleus of an atom.
Section #2
Study the following vocabulary index cards:
Law of conservation of energy
generator
turbine
Changing Forms of Energy
o
Heat is usually one of the forms of energy produced in energy transformations.
o
The conversion between potential and kinetic energy occurs when you shoot a
basketball at a basket. The ball has kinetic energy when it leaves your hand; kinetic
energy is converted to potential energy as the ball rises; potential energy is converted
to kinetic energy as the ball falls.
o
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed;
it can only change form.
o
The total energy doesn’t change when an energy transformation occurs.
o
As an object rises and falls, kinetic and potential energy are transformed into each
other, but the total energy doesn’t change.
Generating Electrical Energy
o
A generator converts kinetic energy into electrical energy.
o
Burning fossil fuels produces thermal energy that is used to boil water and produce
steam.
o
In a power plant, steam is used to spin a turbine which then spins an electric
generator.
Section #3
Study the following vocabulary index cards:
nonrenewable
resource
inexhaustible
resource
renewable
resource
alternative
resource
photovoltaic
Nonrenewable Resources
o
All energy resources have advantages and disadvantages.
o
Nonrenewable energy resources are used faster than they are replaced.
o
Fossil fuels include oil, coal, and natural gas and are nonrenewable resources. Nuclear
energy is a nonrenewable resource.
Renewable and Alternative Resources
o
Renewable energy resources, such as hydroelectricity, are resources that are
replenished continually.
o
Solar energy is considered an inexhaustible source of energy because the Sun’s energy
cannot be used up by humans.
o
Alternative energy sources include solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy.
VARIOUS FACTS FROM CHAPTER #2: (HINT: These will DEFINITELY be used for the Chapter 2
Examination)!
o
Objects that are able to fall have potential energy.
o
The energy transformation that muscles perform is from chemical to kinetic.
o
Photovoltaics perform an energy transformation from radiant to electrical.
o
Food contains chemical energy.
o
Solar, wind, and geothermal are all types of inexhaustible energy.
o
Wind, hydroelectric, and nuclear all require a generator. But, solar energy does NOT!
o
Gas, oil and coal are ALL fossil fuels.
o
Almost all of the energy on the Earth’s surface comes from the Sun.
Study and Understand this chart:
Energy
Resource
s
Fossil Fuels
Advantage
s
Disadvantag
es
We use
them to
fuel our
cars, and
heat and
light our
homes.
They take
millions of
years to
replace.
Nuclear
Energy
Supplies a
huge
amount of
energy from
very little
mass. No
fossil fuels
are burned
in the
process, so
this helps
the supply
of fossil
fuels last
longer.
The amount
of uranium in
the Earth’s
crust is
nonrenewabl
e. Some of
the material
in the nuclear
waste
remains
radioactive
for thousands
of years.
Storing the
waste is very
difficult.
Hydroelectrici
ty
The largest
renewable
source of
energy. It’s
It disrupts
the life cycle
of aquatic
animals,
mostly
pollution
free.
especially
fish. Example:
Northwest
salmon.
Solar Energy
It is an
inexhaustibl
e source of
energy. One
day’s supply
available in
the U.S. is
more than
we’d need
in a year.
It is more
expensive to
use than
fossil fuels.
Geothermal
Energy
It is an
inexhaustibl
e source of
energy.
Geothermal
power plants
can only be
built in
regions
where
geothermal
reservoirs are
close to the
surface, like
in the
western U.S.
Energy from
the Oceans
Tidal energy
is a
nonpollutin
g,
inexhaustibl
e energy
source.
Its use is
limited. Only
in a few
places is the
difference
between high
and low tides
large enough
to enable a
large electric
power plant
to be built.
Energy from
the Wind
It is an
inexhaustibl
e source of
energy.
These
windmills
produce
almost no
pollution.
Windmills
produce
noise, and
large areas of
land are
needed. Also,
studies have
shown that
birds
sometimes
are killed by
windmills.
Sixth Grade Science REVIEW SHEETS for Chapter #1
Vocabulary to Know (Study your index cards):
science
life
science
scientific
theory
Earth
science
scientific
law
physical
science
System
Technology
Learning about the World
o
Scientists ask questions to learn how, why or when something had occurred.
o
A scientific theory is a possible explanation for observations that is supported by
many investigations. A scientific law describes a pattern but does not explain why
things happen.
Be able to COMPARE/CONTRAST and give examples for: “Scientific Theory” and “Scientific
Law.”
o
A scientific theory tries to explain why something happens. A scientific law describes
regularity in nature. As new information becomes available, scientific theories can
change.
Be able to classify a statement as a theory or a law. Example: Heating the air in a hot-air
balloon cause the balloon to rise. ANSWER: scientific law (it is describing a pattern, but
not explaining why it occurs).
Understand that science can answer questions about the natural world through
observations and investigations. Opinions and questions about art, books and music
cannot be answered by science.
Systems in Science
o
A system is composed of structures, cycles and processes that interact with each
other.
The Branches of Science
o
Science is divided into three branches- life science, Earth science, and physical science.
o
Technology is the application of knowledge learned through science. Science answers
scientific questions and technology applies those answers to make products that help
people. Scientists use technology to solve specific problems.
Section #2- Science in Action
Vocabulary to Know (Study your index cards):
hypothesis
independent
variable
infer
dependent
variable
controlled
experiment
Variable
Constant
Science Skills
o
The scientific method was developed to help scientists investigate their questions.
o
A hypothesis is a reasonable and educated guess.
o
Hypotheses are possible explanations for why something occurs.
Drawing Conclusions
Understand the DIFFERENCE between an inference and an
observation:
An observation is something that comes from your senses. An inference is a conclusion
your mind draws.
o
Scientists can organize their observations using charts, graphs, and tables.
o
Scientists communicate with one another to share important information.
Experiments
o
Controlled experiments test the effect of one factor on the other.
o
In an experiment, the variable that does not change is called the constant.
Understand the DIFFERENCE between an independent variable and a dependent
variable.
o
Scientists may conduct an experiment in trying to answer a question.
Laboratory Safety
o
Safety precautions must be followed when conducting any investigation.
*If I write an explanation of an experiment, you should be able to explain which parts were:
the hypothesis, the independent variable(s), the dependent variable(s), the constant, a
prediction, and a conclusion.
Section #3- Models in Science
Vocabulary to Know (Study your index card):
Model
Why are models necessary?
o
Scientists develop models to help them visualize complex concepts.
o
Models are used in science to study things that are too big, too small, take too long, or
happen too quickly.
Types of models There are three types of models- physical models, computer models, and
idea models.
Type
of
Mod
el
Exampl
es
Advanta
ges
Limitatio
ns
Physical
Model
globe of
the
Earth, repl
ica of the
inside of a
cell
It can be
made to
scale.
It can
take
awhile to
make and
be
difficult
to
modify.
Comput
er
Model
hurricane
forecast
model
It can
show
slow or
fast
changes
and be
run many
times.
It can’t
show
spatial
relations
very well.
Idea
Model
Einstein’s
E=mc 2
It can
show a
relations
hip
between
abstract
concepts.
It can be
hard to
understa
nd.
o
Idea models are concepts that describe how someone thinks about something in the
natural world
o
All models can be changed over time as new information becomes available. This is
also a limitation.
o
Computer models and paper drawings can be used to model weather. Each can show
past events, but computer models can predict future events.
Making Models
o
The more information you have when creating a model, the more accurate the model
will be.
Using models
o
Models are used to convey important information such as maps and schedules.
Section #4- Evaluating Scientific Explanation
Vocabulary to Know (Study your index cards):
critical thinking
Data
Believe it or Not?
o
By combining what you already know with new information as it becomes available,
you can decide whether something is fact or fiction.
o
Explanations should be evaluated by looking at both the observations and the
conclusions the explanation is based on.
Evaluating the Data
o
The data should be specific and exact.
o
During an Investigation: Observations should be carefully, accurately and completely
noted.
Evaluating the Conclusions
o
A conclusion is a statement based on the results of an experiment.
o
Other explanations should be considered before a single conclusion is reached.
o
In order for a conclusion to be reliable, it must make sense.
o
In order for scientific evidence to be reliable, experiments need to be repeated by
other scientists. It’s very important to remember that the results of an experiment
must be reproducible!
o
All scientific claims should be verified by some kind of specific data.
o
Vague claims are misleading because they contain terms that can have more them one
meaning.
o
Advertising claims should be carefully analyzed since they are designed to sell
products rather than promote scientific evidence impartially.
Evaluating Promotional Materials
o
Independent laboratories test products in order to provide more reliable results.