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Central Processing Unit (CPU) The brain of computer. Main function: to handle the information processing based on task given. 3 Components: Control Unit Register Arithmetic and Logic Unit Component of CPU Control Unit: To handle CPU Operation based on control signal. Arithmetic and Logic Unit : Arithmetic Operation – addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and etc Logic Operation – AND, OR, NOT, NAND etc Register: Temporary memory space for keeping the processing result and controlling information. The are some important register for specific functions. Among them, the example of register such as: Programming counter register – keeping for next instruction. Information Register – keeping the current running instruction CPU, I/O Module and Main Memory Main Memory PC MAR IR MBR I/O AR Execution Unit I/O BR System Bus . . . Instruction Instruction . . . Data Data . . I/O Module Buffers PC = Program Counter IR = Instruction Register MAR = Memory Address Register MBR = Memory Buffer Register I/O AR= I/O address register I/O BR = I/O buffer register 0 1 2 3 . . . n-2 n-1 • Execution of Instruction User The Result for Execution of Instruction Computer Instruction High Level Language Translated Machine Language • Execution of Instruction Read the instruction from Instruction Register Identify the instruction Identify the data placed in the memory Collect the data and put into the internal register in CPU. Execute the instruction. Store the result into the suitable place (some related register) Read/Take the next instruction. • Interrupt Interrupt is the external signal sent to CPU for immediate treatment The processes that are being implemented by the CPU will be stopped immediately. 3 type of interrupt: External Usually from I/O Peripherals Internal From injustice or invalid data such as a number divided of zero. Software From the operating system such as switch mode to use operating system How to deal with multiple interrupts? • Microprocessors It is small CPU which are in chip. It is also the engine for computer Can perform arithmetic and logic operations. The first instruction was received from the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) in the ROM Then either accept the instruction from the BIOS or OS. Major Producers of Microprocessors Intel First product Intel 4004 Introduced the term of microprocessors Collaborated with MIcrosoft MIPS Subsidiary of Silicon Graphic Inc. Designer for RISC MOS Technology Designed 6502 – faster and cheaper Collaborated with Apple to produce Macintosh Other Major Producers for Microprocessors Motorola NEC Ross Technology Sun Microsystems Texas Instruments Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) AT&T Cyrix Digital Equipment Corporation Fairchild Semiconductor Fujitsu Hewlett-Packard IBM Inmos Integrated Device Technology (IDT) Microprocessors – 1970s 4004 8008 8080 8086 8088 Introduced 15/11/71 1/4/72 1/4/74 8/6/78 1/6/79 Speed Hours 108KHz 108KHz 2MHz 10MHz 8MHz Width of Bus 4 bit 8 bit 8 bit 16 bit 8 bit Number of Transistor 2300 3500 6000 29,000 29,000 Memory 640b 16Kb 64Kb 1Mb 1Mb Microprocessors – 80an 80286 80386DX 80386SX 80486DX Introduced 1/2/82 17/10/85 16/6/88 10/4/89 Speed Hours 12.5MHz 33MHz 33MHz 50MHz Width of Bus 16bit 32bit 16bit 32bit Number of Transistor 134,000 275,000 275,000 1.2million Memory 16Mb 4Gb 4Gb 4Gb Mikropemproses – 90an 486SX Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II Introduced 22/4/91 22/3/93 01/11/95 07/5/97 Speed Hours 33MHz 166MHz 200MHz 300MHz Width of Bus 32bit 32bit 64bit 64bit Number of Transistor 1.185million 3.1million 5.5million 7.5million Memory 4M 4G 64G 64G Mikropemproses Intel Chip 4004 – 4 bit processor The first ever single chip Used in calculator 4-bit data processing and 8-bit instruction. Chip 8008 It is the first chip used seriously. The enhancement from 4004. Using 8-bit data stream The memory size 16KB Intel 4004 Intel Microprocessors 8080 The advancement of 8008 4 times more memory than 8008 10 times faster than 8008 8085 8086 8087 8088 Intel 8008 Intel 8086 Intel 8087 – Math Co Processors Intel 80286 Replacing the 8088 microprocessor Have pins on 4 sides – 17 pins on each side The total of 68 pins. 24 pin for addressing signal 16 pin for data 16 pin for controlling signal The rest is for reservation 3 features of improvements: Execution of instruction simultaneously Can achieve 16-bit data The speed of processing Intel 80286 Has 4 units functions Bus Unit Instruction Unit Hold the instruction received from the bus unit Send the instruction to execution units Execution Unit Received the necessary instruction and data The instruction is sent to instruction unit Execute the Instruction Addressing Unit Implement the actual addressing and virtual memory Intel 80286 Mikropemproses Intel 80286 Addressing Unit Bus Unit Execution Unit Instruction Unit Intel 80386 The first ever 32-bit chip from Intel It has 132 pin Containing 8 units of function – addressing unit and execution unit broken down into units that function independently subunit 2 types 386SX Memory address 32 bit Size of data 16 bit 386DX Memory address and size of data 32 bit Intel 80486 Used 1.2 million of transistor 168 pin Ada 2 jenis 486SX Without Math co-processors 486DX With Math Co-processors Intel 80486 DX Pentium Initially introduced as P5 or Intel 80586 Some improvement in terms of: Cache structure: For data For instruction Wider Data Bus Faster co-processors Two integer processors Use 237 pins on 2 sides only as found in 8088 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP series. PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer in 1960s. Used diode-transistor logic. The size of a refrigerator. VAX VAX was an instruction set architecture (ISA). 32 bit complex instruction set computer ISA. To replace PDP. PDP - 8 DEC – VAX 8350 – based on PDP-11