Download Level of Evidence: B

A.Stable
angina
B.Post MI
C.Post PCI
D.Post CABC
The risks of myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiac death can
be as high as 5%/year to 10%/year in persons with preexisting
coronary heart disease (CHD) or CHD equivalents (peripheral
arterial disease and diabetes). When these risks are added to
the disease’s physical and psychological tolls, the importance
of a comprehensive program of secondary prevention becomes
readily evident. The goals of such a program include (a)
improvement of functional capacity and quality of life, (b)
reduction in the risks of future cardiac events (e.g., MI, cardiac
arrest, need for revascularization), and (c) prolongation of
survival.
Smoking
Goal: Complete cessation. No exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
Class I
1. Patients should be asked about tobacco use status at every office visit (2,3,4,5,7).
(Level of Evidence: B)
2. Every tobacco user should be advised at every visit to quit (4,5,7,9).
(Level of Evidence: A)
3. The tobacco user’s willingness to quit should be assessed at every visit.
(Level of Evidence: C)
4. Patients should be assisted by counseling and by development of a plan for quitting that
may include pharmacotherapy and/or referral to a smoking cessation program (4–9).
(Level of Evidence: A)
5. Arrangement for follow up is recommended. (Level of Evidence: C)
6. All patients should be advised at every office visit to avoid exposure to environmental
tobacco smoke at work, home, and public places (10,11).
(Level of Evidence: B)
Blood pressure control Note: The writing committee did not think that the 2006
recommendations for blood pressure control
(below) should be modified at this time. The writing
committee anticipates that the recommendations
will be reviewed when the updated JNC guidelines
are released.
Goal: 140/90 mm Hg
Class I
1. All patients should be counseled regarding the need for lifestyle modification:
weight control; increased physical activity; alcohol moderation; sodium reduction;
and emphasis on increased consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy
products (12–16). (Level of Evidence: B)
2. Patients with blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg should be treated, as tolerated, with blood
pressure medication, treating initially with -blockers and/or ACE inhibitors, with addition of
other drugs as needed to
Lipid management
Goal: Treatment with statin therapy; use statin therapy to achieve an LDL-C
of 100 mg/dL; for very high risk* patients an LDL-C 70 mg/dL is reasonable;
if triglycerides are 200 mg/dL, non–HDLC† should be 130 mg/dL, whereas
non–HDL-C 100 mg/dL for very high risk patients is reasonable
Note:
The writing committee anticipates that the recommendations will be reviewed
when the updated ATP guidelines are released.
Class I
1. A lipid profile in all patients should be established, and for hospitalized patients, lipid-lowering
therapy as recommended below should be initiated before discharge (20).
(Level of Evidence: B)
2. Lifestyle modifications including daily physical activity and weight management are strongly
recommended for all patients (19,29). (Level of Evidence: B)
3. Dietary therapy for all patients should include reduced intake of saturated fats
(to 7% of total calories), trans fatty acids (to 1% of total calories), and cholesterol
(to 200 mg/d) (21–24,29). (Level of Evidence: B)
4. In addition to therapeutic lifestyle changes, statin therapy should be prescribed in the absence
of contraindications or documented adverse effects (25–29). (Level of Evidence: A)
5. An adequate dose of statin should be used that reduces LDL-C to 100 mg/dL AND achieves
at least a 30% lowering of LDL-C (25–29). (Level of Evidence: C)
6. Patients who have triglycerides 200 mg/dL should be treated with statins to lower non–HDL-C
to 130 mg/dL (25–27,30). (Level of Evidence: B)
7. Patients who have triglycerides 500 mg/dL should be started on fibrate therapy in addition to
statin therapy to prevent acute pancreatitis. (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIa
1. If treatment with a statin (including trials of higher-dose statins and higher-potency statins)
does not achieve the goal selected for a patient, intensification of LDL-C–lowering drug
therapy with a bile acid sequestrant‡ or niacin§ is reasonable (31–33).
(Level of Evidence: B)
2. For patients who do not tolerate statins, LDL-C–lowering therapy with bile acid sequestrants‡
and/or niacin§ is reasonable (35,36).
(Level of Evidence: B)
3. It is reasonable to treat very high-risk* patients with statin therapy to lower LDL-C to 70 mg/dL
(26 –28,37,38,166).
(Level of Evidence: C)
4. In patients who are at very high risk* and who have triglycerides 200 mg/dL, a non–HDL-C
goal of 100 mg/dL is reasonable (25–27,30).
(Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
1. The use of ezetimibe may be considered for patients who do not tolerate or achieve target LDL-C
with statins, bile acid sequestrants,‡ and/or niacin.§
(Level of Evidence: C)
2. For patients who continue to have an elevated non–HDL-C while on adequate statin therapy,
niacin§ or fibrate therapy (32,35,41) (Level of Evidence: B) or fish oil (Level of Evidence: C)
may be reasonable.
3. For all patients, it may be reasonable to recommend omega-3 fatty acids from fish¶ or fish oil
capsules (1 g/d) for cardiovascular disease risk reduction (44–46). (Level of Evidence: B)
Physical activity
Class I
Goal: At least 30 minutes,
7 days per week (minimum
5 days per week)
1. For all patients, the clinician should encourage 30 to 60
minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, such
as brisk walking, at least 5 days and preferably 7 days per week,
supplemented by an increase in daily
lifestyle activities (eg, walking breaks at work, gardening,
household work) to improve cardiorespiratory
fitness and move patients out of the least fit, least active high-risk
cohort (bottom 20%) (54,55,58).
(Level of Evidence: B)
2. For all patients, risk assessment with a physical activity history
and/or an exercise test is recommended to
guide prognosis and prescription (47–52,58). (Level of
Evidence: B)
3. The clinician should counsel patients to report and be
evaluated for symptoms related to exercise.
(Level of Evidence: C)
Class Iia
1. It is reasonable for the clinician to recommend
complementary resistance training at least 2 days per
week (59). (Level of Evidence: C)
Weight management
Goals:
Body mass index: 18.5 to
24.9 kg/m2
Waist circumference:
women 35 inches
(89 cm), men
40 inches (102 cm)
Class I
1. Body mass index and/or waist circumference should be
assessed at every visit, and the clinician should
consistently encourage weight maintenance/reduction through
an appropriate balance of lifestyle physical
activity, structured exercise, caloric intake, and formal behavioral
programs when indicated to
maintain/achieve a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.9
kg/m2 (60–62,65–70). (Level of Evidence: B)
2. If waist circumference (measured horizontally at the iliac
crest) is 35 inches (89 cm) in women and 40
inches (102 cm) in men, therapeutic lifestyle interventions
should be intensified and focused on weight
management (66–70). (Level of Evidence: B)
3. The initial goal of weight loss therapy should be to reduce
body weight by approximately 5% to 10% from
baseline. With success, further weight loss can be attempted if
indicated. (Level of Evidence: C)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
management
Note: Recommendations below are for prevention of cardiovascular complications.
Class I
1. Care for diabetes should be coordinated with the patient’s primary care physician
and/or endocrinologist. (Level of Evidence: C)
2. Lifestyle modifications including daily physical activity, weight management, blood
pressure control, and lipid management are recommended for all patients with
diabetes (19,22–24,29,56,58,59,62,66,74,162). (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIa
1. Metformin is an effective first-line pharmacotherapy and can be useful if not
contraindicated (74–76). (Level of Evidence: A)
2. It is reasonable to individualize the intensity of blood sugar–lowering interventions
based on the individual patient’s risk of hypoglycemia during treatment. (Level of
Evidence: C)
Class IIb
1. Initiation of pharmacotherapy interventions to achieve target HbA1c may be
reasonable (71,72,74–80). (Level of Evidence: A)
2. A target HbA1c of 7% may be considered. (Level of Evidence: C)
3. Less stringent HbA1c goals may be considered for patients with a history of severe
hypoglycemia, limited life expectancy, advanced microvascular or macrovascular
complications, or extensive comorbidities, or those in whom the goal is difficult to
attain despite intensive therapeutic interventions. (Level of Evidence: C)
Antiplatelet agents/
anticoagulants
Class I
1. Aspirin 75–162 mg daily is recommended in all patients with coronary artery
disease unless contraindicated (64,81,82,116). (Level of Evidence: A) ●
Clopidogrel 75 mg daily is recommended as an alternative for patients who are
intolerant of or allergic to aspirin (117). (Level of Evidence: B)
2. A P2Y12 receptor antagonist in combination with aspirin is indicated in patients
after ACS or PCI with stent placement (83–85). (Level of Evidence: A) ● For
patients receiving a bare-metal stent or drug-eluting stent during PCI for ACS,
clopidogrel 75 mg daily, prasugrel 10 mg daily, or ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily
should be given for at least 12 months (84,86,113,114). (Level of Evidence: A)
3. For patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, aspirin should be
started within 6 hours after surgery to reduce saphenous vein graft closure. Dosing
regimens ranging from 100 to 325 mg daily for 1 year appear to be efficacious
(87–90). (Level of Evidence: A)
4. In patients with extracranial carotid or vertebral atherosclerosis who have had
ischemic stroke or TIA, treatment with aspirin alone (75–325 mg daily), clopidogrel
alone (75 mg daily), or the combination of aspirin plus extended-release
dipyridamole (25 mg and 200 mg twice daily, respectively) should be started and
continued (91,104,116). (Level of Evidence: B)
Continued
Antiplatelet agents/
anticoagulants
5. For patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease of the lower extremity,
antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (75–325 mg daily) or clopidogrel (75 mg daily) should be started and
continued (92,107,116,117). (Level of Evidence: A)
6. Antiplatelet therapy is recommended in preference to anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or other
vitamin K antagonists to treat patients with atherosclerosis (93,94,105,110). (Level of Evidence: A)
If there is a compelling indication for anticoagulant therapy, such as atrial fibrillation, prosthetic heart
valve, left ventricular thrombus, or concomitant venous thromboembolic disease, warfarin should be
administered in addition to the low-dose aspirin (75– 81 mg daily) (95,99–102). (Level of Evidence: A)
●
For patients requiring warfarin, therapy should be administered to achieve the recommended INR for the
specific condition (81,96). (Level of Evidence: B)
●
Use of warfarin in conjunction with aspirin and/or clopidogrel is associated with increased risk of
bleeding and should be monitored closely (97,98,110). (Level of Evidence: A)
●
Renin-angiotensinaldosterone
system blockers
ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Class I
1. ACE inhibitors should be started and continued indefinitely in all
patients with left ventricular ejection fraction
40% and in those with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease,
unless contraindicated (124,125). (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
1. It is reasonable to use ACE inhibitors in all other patients (126). (Level
of Evidence: B)
Class I
1. The use of ARBs is recommended in patients who have heart failure or
who have had a myocardial infarction
with left ventricular ejection fraction 40% and who are ACE-inhibitor
intolerant (130–132).
(Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
1. It is reasonable to use ARBs in other patients who are ACE-inhibitor
intolerant (133). (Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
1. The use of ARBs in combination with an ACE inhibitor is not well
established in those with systolic heart
failure (132,134). (Level of Evidence: A)
Aldosterone blockade
Class I
1. Use of aldosterone blockade in post–myocardial infarction patients without significant
renal dysfunction# or hyperkalemia** is recommended in patients who are already
receiving therapeutic doses of an ACE inhibitor and -blocker, who have a left ventricular
ejection fraction 40%, and who have either diabetes or heart failure (136,137). (Level of
Evidence: A)
β-Blockers
Class I
1. -Blocker therapy should be used in all patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction
(ejection fraction 40%) with heart failure or prior myocardial infarction, unless
contraindicated. (Use should be limited to carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, or bisoprolol,
which have been shown to reduce mortality.) (138,140,141) (Level of Evidence: A)
2. -Blocker therapy should be started and continued for 3 years in all patients with normal
left ventricular function who have had myocardial infarction or ACS (139,142,143). (Level of
Evidence: B)
Class IIa
1. It is reasonable to continue -blockers beyond 3 years as chronic therapy in all patients
with normal left ventricular function who have had myocardial infarction or ACS
(139,142,143). (Level of Evidence: B)
2. It is reasonable to give -blocker therapy in patients with left ventricular systolic
dysfunction (ejection fraction 40%) without heart failure or prior myocardial infarction.
(Level of Evidence: C)
β-Blockers cont’d
Class IIb
1. -Blockers may be considered as chronic therapy for all other
patients with coronary or other vascular disease.
(Level of Evidence: C)
Influenza vaccination
Class I
1. Patients with cardiovascular disease should have an annual
influenza vaccination (144–147). (Level of Evidence: B)
Depression
Class IIa
1. For patients with recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery or
myocardial infarction, it is reasonable to screen for depression if
patients have access to case management, in collaboration with their
primary care physician and a mental health specialist (148–152).
(Level of Evidence: B)
Class IIb
1. Treatment of depression has not been shown to improve
cardiovascular disease outcomes but may be reasonable for its other
clinical benefits. (Level of Evidence: C)
Cardiac rehabilitation
Class I
1. All eligible patients with ACS or whose status is immediately post coronary artery bypass
surgery or post-PCI should be referred to a comprehensive outpatient cardiovascular
rehabilitation program either prior to hospital discharge or during the first follow-up office visit
(55,154,161,163). (Level of Evidence: A)
2. All eligible outpatients with the diagnosis of ACS, coronary artery bypass surgery or PCI
(Level of Evidence: A) (55,154,155,161), chronic angina (Level of Evidence: B) (161,163),
and/or peripheral artery disease (Level of Evidence: A) (158,164) within the past year should
be referred to a comprehensive outpatient cardiovascular rehabilitation program.
3. A home-based cardiac rehabilitation program can be substituted for a supervised, centerbased program for low-risk patients (153,159,160). (Level of Evidence: A)
Class IIa
1. A comprehensive exercise-based outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program can be safe and
beneficial for clinically stable outpatients with a history of heart failure (159,159a–159c). (Level
of Evidence: B)
Stress Testing and Advanced Imaging for Initial Diagnosis in Patients
With Suspected SIHD Who Require Noninvasive Testing
Stress Testing and Advanced Imaging for Initial Diagnosis in Patients
With Suspected SIHD Who Require Noninvasive Testing
Follow-Up Noninvasive Testing in Patients With Known SIHD: New, Recurrent, or
Worsening Symptoms Not Consistent With UA
Antiplatelet medications
A.The new guideline recommends the use of ticagrelor (Brilique)
for 12 months for primary percutaneous coronary intervention
(PCI) and all non-ST segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) patients
including medical management only.
B.Clopidogrel may be used as a second-line antiplatelet
medication and remains part of the guideline.
C.The guideline also highlights the importance of continuing
aspirin and a second antiplatelet medication for 12 months
after an ST segment elevation MI (STEMI) in patients
treated with surgical revascularisation.
Prescriber January 2014
Anticoagulation
The guideline recommends:
• aspirin plus an anticoagulant for patients treated
with balloon angioplasty, CABG or medical management
• warfarin is preferred and NOACs not recommended for
patients prescribed dual antiplatelet therapy who also
require
• avoid ticagrelor or prasugrel (Efient) with any
anticoagulant.
Prescriber January 2014
Perioperative Management
•
1. Aspirin (100 mg to 325 mg daily) should be administered to
CABG patients preoperatively (517–519). (Level of Evidence: B)
•
2. In patients referred for elective CABG, clopidogrel and
ticagrelor should be discontinued for at least 5 days before surgery
(520–522) (Level of Evidence: B) and prasugrel for at least 7 days
(Level of Evidence: C) to limit blood transfusions.
•
3. In patients referred for urgent CABG, clopidogrel and ticagrelor
should be discontinued for at least 24 hours to reduce major
bleeding complications (521,523–525). (Level of Evidence: B)
•
4. In patients referred for CABG, short-acting intravenous
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (eptifibatide or tirofiban) should
be discontinued for at least 2 to 4 hours before surgery (526,527)
and abciximab for at least 12 hours beforehand (528) to limit blood
loss and transfusions. (Level of Evidence: B)
Nearly all patients with UA or recent MI in
whom CABG is performed will be taking
aspirin; CABG can be performed safely in
these individuals,
•conclusion
Cardiac rehabilitation programs for
secondary prevention reduce all-cause
mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and
fatal reinfarction by 20% to 25%. The
best effect is on sudden death, which
declines by greater than 35%.
Such programs are cost-effective, often
achieving considerable savings through
reductions
in
rates
of
re
hospitalization,
revascularization,
length
of
stay,
charges
per
hospitalization, and lost productivity.
Addressing Intensity of LDL Cholesterol Reduction
a) Intensive statin therapy (e.g., atorvastatin 80 mg/d,
rosuvastatin 40 mg/d) that targets an LDL
cholesterol of less than 70 mg/dL causes regression
of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and significantly,
though not uniformly, improves many CHD
outcomes when applied across a broad spectrum of
CHD patients
b) however, mortality is not consistently improved.
Such therapy also reduces stroke risk by 20% in
persons with carotid disease
Attending to Anxiety and Depression
a)
Depression increases the risk of adverse CHD events in
persons with coronary disease, and CHD events can
precipitate or worsen depression
b)
The use of semiselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI) antidepressants is safe and effective for the
treatment of major depression in persons with CHD;
moreover, their use in the acute hospital setting has been
found to reduce rates of ischemia and heart failure
Angiotensin Blockade
a)
angiotensin blockade demonstrates clinically significant reductions
(20% to 30%) in morbidity and mortality for CHD patients with
preserved left ventricular function (Heart Outcomes Prevention
Evaluation [HOPE] study). Not only is survival improved but so are
the rates of infarction, stroke, and need for revascularization.
Proposed mechanisms of action include not only inhibition of the
angiotensin–renin–aldosterone system but also the ability to limit
vascular smooth muscle proliferation, plaque rupture,
ACE Inhibitors/ARBs:
Recommendations
CLASS I
•
1. ACE inhibitors and ARBs given before CABG should be reinstituted postoperatively
once the patient is stable, unless contraindicated (622,626,627). (Level of Evidence: B)
•
2. ACE inhibitors or ARBs should be initiated postoperatively and continued
indefinitely in CABG patients who were not receiving them preoperatively, who are
stable, and who have an LVEF less than or equal to 40%, hypertension, diabetes
mellitus, or CKD, unless contraindicated (622,627,627a,627b). (Level of Evidence: A)3.
Beta blockers should be prescribed to all CABG patients without contraindications at
the time of hospital discharge. (Level of Evidence: C)
CLASS IIa
•
1. It is reasonable to initiate ACE inhibitors or ARBs postoperatively and to continue
them indefinitely in all CABG patients who were not receiving them preoperatively
and are considered to be at low risk (i.e., those with a normal LVEF in whom
cardiovascular risk factors are well controlled), unless contraindicated (622,627–630).
(Level of Evidence: B)
Warfarin
Warfarin–Aspirin Reinfarction Study II). The
addition of high-intensity warfarin (international
normalized ratio [INR] 2.8 to 4.2) achieves a
slightly better reduction in CHD risk than aspirin
alone
In most studies, warfarin’s contributions to risk
reduction are almost exclusively in rates of
reinfarction and stroke but not of death. Warfarin
is sometimes added to aspirin in patients with
recurrent coronary thrombosis.
Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibition
(Dabigatran, Apixaban, Rivaroxaban)
Regardless of specific drug used, risk of major
bleeding is significantly increased.
Sexual activity
• Reassure
patients that after recovery from an MI, sexual
activity presents no greater risk of triggering a subsequent
MI than if they had never had an MI.
• Usually
after about 4 weeks.
• When
treating erectile dysfunction, treatment with a
PDE5 (phosphodiesterase type 5) inhibitor may be
considered in men who have had an MI more than 6
months earlier and who are now stable.
• PDE5
inhibitors must be avoided in patients treated with
nitrates or nicorandil because this can lead to dangerously
low blood pressure.
Lifestyle changes after an MI
a)
Do not routinely recommend eating oily fish for the sole purpose of
preventing another MI. If people after an MI choose to consume oily
fish, be aware that there is no evidence of harm, and fish may form part
of a Mediterranean-style diet. [new 2013]
b)
Do not offer or advise people to use the following to prevent another MI:
omega-3 fatty acid capsules
omega-3 fatty acid supplemented foods.
If people choose to take omega-3 fatty acid capsules or eat omega-3
fatty acid supplemented foods, be aware that there is no evidence of
harm.
c)
Do not recommend antioxidant supplements (vitamin E and/or C) or
folic acid to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Drug therapy
•
D)
- Offer aspirin to all people after an MI and continue it indefinitely, unless they are aspirin intolerant or have an
indication for anticoagulation. [2007, amended 2013]
- Offer aspirin to people who have had an MI more than 12 months ago and continue it indefinitely. [new 2013]
•
E) - Ticagrelor in combination with low-dose aspirin is recommended for up to 12 months as a treatment option in
adults with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) that is, people:
. with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
. with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).
- Offer clopidogrel as a treatment option for up to 12 months to:
. people who have had a STEMI and received a bare-metal or drug-eluting stent. [new 2013]
- Offer clopidogrel as a treatment option for at least 1 month and consider continuing for up to 12 months to:
. people who have had a STEMI and medical management with or without reperfusion treatment with a
fibrinolytic agent. [new 2013]
- Continue the second antiplatelet agent for up to 12 months in people who have had a STEMI and who received
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. [new 2013]
- Offer clopidogrel instead of aspirin to people who also have other clinical vascular disease,
I ) Beta-blockers
Offer people a beta-blocker as soon as possible after an MI, when the person
is haemodynamically stable. [new 2013]
Communicate plans for titrating beta-blockers up to the maximum tolerated or
target dose – for example, in the discharge summary. [new 2013]
Continue a beta-blocker for at least 12 months after an MI in people without left
ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure. [new 2013]
Continue a beta-blocker indefinitely in people with left ventricular systolic
dysfunction. [new 2013]
K)
Do not offer people without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart
failure, who have had an MI more than 12 months ago, treatment with
a beta-blocker unless there is an additional clinical indication for a
beta-blocker. [new 2013]
Perioperative Beta Blockers:
Recommendations
CLASS I
•
1. Beta blockers should be administered for at least 24 hours before CABG to all patients without
contraindications to reduce the incidence or clinical sequelae of postoperative AF (604–608,608a–
608c). (Level of Evidence: B)
•
2. Beta blockers should be reinstituted as soon as possible after CABG in all patients without
contraindications to reduce the incidence or clinical sequelae of AF (604–608,608a–608c). (Level
of Evidence: B)
•
3. Beta blockers should be prescribed to all CABG patients without contraindications at the time
of hospital discharge. (Level of Evidence: C)
CLASS IIa
•
1. Preoperative use of beta blockers in patients without contraindications, particularly in those
with an LVEF greater than 30%, can be effective in reducing the risk of in-hospital mortality
(609–611). (Level of Evidence: B)
•
2. Beta blockers can
L) Calcium channel blockers
Do not routinely offer calcium channel blockers to
reduce cardiovascular risk after an MI. [2007]
M) Potassium channel activators
- Do not offer nicorandil to reduce cardiovascular
risk in patients after an MI. [2007]
No difference in the primary endpoints of nonfatal MI and
CAD death was noted, but those receiving hormone therapy
had a greater incidence of deep venous thrombosis and
other thromboembolic events.
it is not recommended that postmenopausal hormone therapy
be initiated in women undergoing CABG, and it may be
reasonable to discontinue it in those scheduled for elective
CABG.
Adverse Events
•
E) Perioperative Dysrhythmias: Recommendations
CLASS I
1. Beta blockers should be administered for at least 24 hours before CABG to all
patients without contraindications to reduce the incidence or clinical sequelae of
postoperative AF
2. Beta blockers should be reinstituted as soon as possible after CABG in all patients
without contraindications to reduce the incidence or clinical sequelae of AF (604–
608,608a–608c). (Level of Evidence: B)
CLASS IIa
1. Preoperative administration of amiodarone to reduce the incidence
of
postoperative AF is reasonable for patients at high risk for postoperative AF who
have contraindications to beta blockers (1036). (Level of Evidence: B)
2. Digoxin and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers can be useful to
control the ventricular rate in the setting of AF but are not indicated for
prophylaxis
CLASS IIa
1. It is reasonable to consider off-pump CABG to reduce perioperative bleeding and
allogeneic blood transfusion (67,1069–1074). (Level of Evidence: A)
Adverse Events
Patients With Concomitant Valvular
Disease: Recommendations
• L)
CLASS I
1. Patients undergoing CABG who have at least
moderate aortic stenosis should have concomitant aortic
valve replacement (1217– 1220). (Level of Evidence: B)
2. Patients undergoing CABG who have severe ischemic
mitral valve regurgitation not likely to resolve with
revascularization should have concomitant mitral valve
repair or replacement at the time of CABG (1221–1226).
(Level of Evidence: B)
Mahmood Tabandeh MD
the growing body of evidence confirms that in
patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease,
comprehensive risk factor management reduces risk
as assessed by a variety of outcomes, including
improved survival, reduced recurrent events, the
need for revascularization procedures, and
improved quality of life.
Using Stress Testing and Advanced Imaging for Patients With Known
SIHD Who Require Noninvasive Testing for Risk Assessment
T
he new NICE guideline on
secondary prevention following
an MI offers a comprehensive
update on standards of care.
Prescriber January 2014
Management of Hyperlipidemia:
Recommendations
•
A) 1. All patients undergoing CABG should receive statin therapy, unless
contraindicated .(Level of Evidence: A)
•
2. used to reduce LDL cholesterol to less than 100 mg/dL and to achieve at least a 30%
lowering of LDL cholesterol
•
B) 1. In patients undergoing CABG, it is reasonable to treat with statin therapy to
lower the LDL cholesterol to less than 70 mg/dL in very high-risk* patients (549–
551,561–563). (Level of Evidence: C)
•
C) 1. Discontinuation of statin or other dyslipidemic therapy is not recommended
before or after CABG in patients without adverse reactions to therapy (565–567).
(Level of Evidence: B)
• encourage
attendance to a cardiac rehabilitation
programme.
• Explain
the benefits of attending. [new 2013]
• Offer
cardiac rehabilitation programmes in a choice of
venues . Explain the options available. [new 2013]
• Do
not exclude people from the whole programme if
they choose not to attend specific components. [new
2013]
• Offer
single-sex cardiac rehabilitation programme
classes if there is sufficient demand. [new 2013]
Drug therapy
•
H)
- Do not add a new oral anticoagulant (rivaroxaban, apixaban or dabigatran)
in combination with dual antiplatelet therapy in people who otherwise need
anticoagulation, who have had an MI. [new 2013]
- Consider using warfarin and discontinuing treatment with a new oral anticoagulant
(rivaroxaban, apixaban or dabigatran) in people who otherwise need anticoagulation
and who have had an MI, unless there is a specific clinical indication to continue it.
[new 2013]