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Government: the control or management of a state, district, or region. Totalitarian state Capitalist Democracy Unlimited powers Communist Republic Theocracy Federal Mixed Constitutional monarchy Dictatorship Anarchy monarchy Limited powers Limited powers: government that is controlled by the people it governs; for example, by the use of elections. Unlimited powers: government in which power in concentrated in a few or single leader without external control. Anarchy: is a situation where there is no government. This can happen after a civil war in a country, when a government has been destroyed. Democracy - citizens run the government and make decisions Dictatorship - Ruled by a single leader. The leader has not been elected and may use force to keep control. In a military dictatorship, the army is in control. Monarchy - A king, queen or emperor. Monarch has absolute power gained through heredity. › Constitutional monarchy, there is a monarch but also a democratic (elected) government (like parliament) that limits the monarch's control. Ex: England Theocracy- based on religious rules, generally has a single ruler. Republic - The people who rule it are elected by some segment of the population. The head of the country is usually an elected president. Federal - A central government shares power with a number of small local governments. Totalitarian state - Only one political party. People are forced to do what the government tells them; individuals have no rights; government suppresses all opposition. 1. 2. 3. An Economic System is the way in which countries answer the 3 questions: Who should own resources? What and how to produce? Who gets the finished goods? Economic Systems Tradition Relies on custom, habit, or ritual. Little room for innovation or change. Associated with low standard of living. Market Economic decisions made by individuals. Freedom, competition, and profit are valued in this system. Command Central gov’t or authority answers economic questions. Lack of consumer goods. Heavy in military spending. Mixed Combines all three previous economic systems. Capitalist - In a capitalist or free-market country, people own their own businesses and property. Communist - In a communist country, the government owns things like businesses and farms in an effort to erase the inequalities of wealth. It provides healthcare, education and welfare. Mixed – combines features of other systems. For example, private individuals may own companies, but the government regulates their pollution or the quality of the items produced. Form of Gov’t: democratic, republic, federal, mixed / capitalist with regulation, constitutional, limited power Worldwide Great Depression – › Angry unemployed young men want solutions › Instability Unresolved issues from WW1 › German economy in turmoil › Disagreements over territory › Control of colonies by imperial powers Nationalism Fear of the spread of Communism (Russian Revolution in 1917) Form of Gov’t: democratic republic Leader: President Franklin D. Roosevelt FDR elected: 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944 Major issue: Great Depression Passes New Deal programs in cooperation with Congress = respect for the Constitution › But caused a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government › Using deficit spending (growing debt) US population: 130+ million Form of Government: Constitutional Monarchy › king / queen is a figure head with little political power › During WW2: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Parliament is bicameral (2 houses): › It is the legislative (law making) body (like Congress) › Upper house: the House of Lords Originally made up of men from the upper class – this changed in 2007 › lower house: House of Commons, democratically elected group. Population: 48 million › http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp99/rp99-111.pdf 1940 – 1945 When Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin resigned, Churchill was appointed in May 1940 by King George › Prime minister is usually selected from the majority party in government by members of parliament having been first elected to Parliament by citizens. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRchurchill.ht m Population: 170 million (dropped during communist revolution) 1917: Due to social upheaval during WWI, the Bolshevik Revolution overthrows the Tsar (monarch) in a civil war and establishes a Communist government › Form of government: totalitarian communist dictatorship › Vladimir Lenin first leader (dictator) dies 1924 1924: Joseph Stalin (man of steel) takes over › “General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union” aka dictator Focused on creating a model communist state Goals: agricultural and industrial growth › replaced private farms with “collectives” large government owned farms worked by hundreds of families › In 1928 he started the first “5 year plan” Put all economic activity under government control by 1937 USSR was the 2nd largest industrial power http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/ http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm Used the army and police to crush opposition Great Purge (1930s): arrested or killed anyone who threatened his power Some were murdered or died by hard labor in work camps called “gulags” (Glavnoye Upravleniye Lagere) many located in Siberia Safe estimate killed 20-25 million killed: › 7 million destroying the peasantry died in famines caused by the restructuring of farms › 12 million in labor camps › 1 million executed › Unknown # at the time 1931 “The USSR is the crack brigade of the world proletariat” Huge collection of posters at: http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/chairman /sovintro.php Population: 40 million Unemployment, inflation, depression of 1930s led to strikes and instability › Middle/ upper class felt threatened by angry lower class and wanted stronger leaders To rise to power, Benito Mussolini (“Il Duce” the leader) used: › Support by government officials, police, private army › fear of economic collapse › threat of communism in Italy › Extreme nationalism (claimed he’d recreate Roman Empire) › Private newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia” to spread propaganda Created Fascist Party in 1921: › Fascism: a militarydominated government with a single strong leader that controls all aspects of society; stresses nationalism and the needs of state above individual. Became a member of parliament in 1921 1922: Mussolini led a private army called “Blackshirts” (WWI veterans) in a march on Rome › king appointed him prime minister and granted him emergency dictatorial powers for “one year” › Passed Acerbo Law: party that won the next election would receive 2/3 of seats in parliament. Of course, Fascists won 60% of the votes. Form of government: totalitarian dictator. Though Italy had a king, he did not lead the government. › Set up a secret police force, the OVRA, and built concentration camps on the Lipari Islands for political opponents. Begins re-arming for war › Invades Africa › Supports Francisco Franco in Spain Introduction: "the first book of Fascism is a manual accessible to all to make known our Revolution, the Party, the Regime, and Mussolini's State." A short history of Fascism followed by questions and answers about Mussolini, the Fascist revolution, the party, the army, and the defense of Italian purity. › The chapter on "the defense of the race" excludes Jews from being pure Italian and explains government measures taken against them. 1938: racial laws against Italian Jews › Only about forty thousand in Italy, but they were attacked Barred them from studying or teaching in a school of higher learning Revoked citizenship of all foreign Jews obtained after January, 1919 and decreeing their expulsion within six months. Prohibit marriages between Jews and Aryans Exclusion of Jews from military and civil positions. Italian War Poster "The Italian Woman is Willing to Make Sacrifices for the Fighting Men" Population 68+ million End of WWI and start of worldwide Depression: › 6 million unemployed › skyrocketing inflation (1 million marks = 1 US dollar) Adolph Hitler “Der Fuhrer” (the leader) › National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) that formed after WW1 By 1923 his private army the brown shirts (SA short for Sturmabteilung) aka storm troopers reached 15,000 members; by 1933 it had 400,000. 1927: Hitler was prohibited from speaking in most of Germany. “Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf Hitler want? Freedom and food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, black marketeers and exploiters, regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international bank Jews and their lackeys, the Democrats, Marxists, Jesuits, and Free Masons! Because he wants to free the workers from the domination of big money! Working Germans! Demand the lifting of the illegal ban on his speaking! His book Mein Kampf (1925): outlined the 3 basic beliefs: › Nazism based on extreme nationalism = attempt to unite German-speaking people in an empire › Called for national expansion to meet the need for “lebensraum” or living space (though they didn’t really need it) › Enforce racial “purity” – thought Germans were meant to rule whereas non “Aryans” (non whites, Jews) were meant to serve Presidential election held on March 13, 1932 results: › Hindenburg 49.6 % (winner) › Hitler 30.1% › Thaelmann 13.2 % › Duesterberg 6.8 % The caption on top translates as: “We are voting for Hindenburg!” The pictures are of a variety of Jewish socialists and communists, The caption beneath: “Look at these faces and you’ll know where you belong!” The pictures are of leading Nazis. Even though Hitler had badly lost the presidential election, he was drawing ever-larger crowds during the congressional election In one day, July 27, he spoke to 60,000 in Brandenburg, and to 120,000 in Grunewald Stadium in Berlin while an additional 100,000 heard him loudspeaker. Hitler had lost as president but was then elected into parliament and then named chancellor (prime minister) NAZI party won 230 seats in the Reichstag, making it Germany’s largest political party, but not a majority › On the basis of that victory, Hitler demanded that President Hindenburg appoint him chancellor Used a “mysterious” fire in the capital building on Feb 27, 1933 to shut down the democratic Weimar Republic; blamed a Communist plot › Hitler is given emergency powers President von Hindenburg died in 1934 after which Hitler combined the position of president and chancellor into one job as Fuhrer › Established Third Reich (the Third Empire) and claimed dictatorial powers › Nazi storm troopers attack and crushed all political opposition Two weeks after the Reichstag fire, Parliament voted 441 for and 84 against, giving Hitler the power to suspend the German constitution. March 1933, Enabling Bill banned the Communist and other political parties from taking part in future elections. April 1933, Nazi officials being put in charge of all local government in the provinces May 1933, unions abolished July 1933, law passed making the Nazi Party the only legal political party Population: 70+ million Constitutional monarchy with emperor Hirohito 1931 Expansionism: motivated by the desire for land and to reduce the influence of Western countries in Asia, Japan seized Manchuria in northeastern China › Created a “puppet state” that was really ruled by Japan › Manchuria was mineral-rich & twice the size of Texas › League of Nations condemns the act but takes no action; so Japan quits the league. (Germany quit soon after) 1926 through mid-1930s › The depression ended partly because of government deficits used to expand heavy industry and the military Many of the young soldiers came from the rural areas, where the effects of the depression were devastating http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/japan/japanworkbook/moder nhist/wwii.html From 1937 Japan was in a state of “total war” with China and the military was able to force their policies on the government and the people › 1941: Tojo appointed prime minister Extreme right-wing views Supporter of Nazi Germany. Used fears of Communism because Japan is so close to Russia and communism was spreading in China Controlled public opinion through schools and textbooks, the media and the police Japanese Racial Ideology Believed that it was Japan’s destiny was to be the ‘leading race’ in the Asian world Claimed to be acting to liberate Asian people from the control of western imperial powers › Social Darwinism introduced to Japan in 1878 Bloodlines became the definition “purity” physical characteristics such as blood type, skin color, hair texture were used as evidence › “Emperor worship” Japanese royal family believed to have an unbroken bloodline for at least 1500 years = “pure” Seen as top religious leader, the emperor was considered “divine” http://artsci.wustl.edu/~copeland/ainu.html http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2135.html 1936, General Francisco Franco rebelled against Spanish Republic › Spanish Civil War began › 500,000 killed Hitler, Mussolini backed Franco Stalin aided opposition Western democracies remained neutral War led to Rome-Berlin Axis— alliance between Italy and Germany 1939, Franco wins war, becomes fascist dictator Dr Seuss Cartoons