Download Transport in animals

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Transport in insects.
Closed and open circulatory system.
Mammalian circulatory system.
The mammalian heart.
Blood vessels – (Vascular system.)
Blood structure and function.
Lymphatic system.
Immune responses.
Mammalian circulatory system.
• Task: - Identify if it is closed or open?
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- Is mammalial
circulatory
system double or single
circulation?
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Insect circulatory system.
Insect circulatory system.
Insect circulatory system.
General diagram.
• Task: Identify the heart and the cavities.
Insect circulatory system
• Illustration.
• BIOLOGY Topical Video clips\Transport in
animals and plants\Transport system in
cockroach.mp4
• Has open circulatory system consisting of a dorsal
tubular heart and open cavities (Haemocoel,
pericardial cavity).
• Heart contracts... Haemolymph(blood) flows out
via aorta to the cavities/sinuses.
• Blood flows over tissues in the sinuses where
there is exchange of substances.
• Heart relaxes... Blood flows back to heart through
ostia(singular- ostium).
• Valves in aorta and ostia prevent back flow of
blood.
THE MAMMALIAN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM.
• Is closed circulatory system since blood flows in
closed blood vessels.
• Is double circulatory system since blood flows twice
through the heart before flowing to the rest of the
body.
• Single circulatory system – Blood flows in heart only
once then to the rest of the body eg in fish and
insects.
• Hepatic circulation – Blood flow from heart to lungs
then back to heart.
• Systemic circulation – Blood flow from heart to rest of
body then back to heart.
• Pulmonary and systemic circulation.
• Humans BIOLOGY Topical Video
clips\Transport in animals and
plants\Circulatory system.mp4
Differences between closed and open
circulatory system.
CLOSED
OPEN
1. Blood flows at high pressure
1. Blood flows at low pressure
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THE MAMMALIAN HEART.
• External structure features. (pg 21 KLB or pg
30 Longhorn- Draw)
Mammalian Heart.
• External structure.
Mammalian heart.
• External structure.
• Internal structure. (Draw KLB – pg 22 or
Longhorn pg 31)
MAMMALIAN HEART.
• Internal structure.
• EXTERNAL
• 1.Pericardium membrane secretes a fluid that acts as
lubricant when the heart is working. Pericardium is
tough and so prevents over dilation of heart.
• 2. Layer of fat around the heart which is spongy acts
as shock absorber/ cushions and protects the heart.
• 3. Pulmonary vein and vena cava blood vessels have
wide lumen and valves to ensure flow of blood to the
heart right auricle and left auricle respectively.
• 4. The aorta and pulmonary artery have thick
muscular and elastic wall that transport blood with
high pressure from heart.
• Internal adaptations.
• 5. Cardiac muscles of heart is myogenic and contracts and
relaxes without fatigue and on their own without control of
nervous system.
• 6. Cardiac muscles have numerous mitochondria that generate
energy for muscle contractions.
• 7. Right atrium has pace maker (SAN) in its muscular wall which
initiates heart beat.
• 8. The septum has atrio ventricular node and purkinje tissue
which spreads the waves of contractions from SAN to the
ventricles.
• 9. Cardiac muscles has interconnections that makes them
strong and also spreads waves of contractions throughout the
heart.
• 10. Heart has 2 auricles with cavity
surrounded by cardiac muscles which
receives blood and pumps it to the ventricles.
• 11. Two ventricles with cavity surrounded
with thick cardiac muscles that receive blood
from atriums and pump it out of heart.
• 12. Left ventricle cardiac muscles are thicker
so as to pump blood with high pressure to
the rest of the body.
• 13. Bicuspid valves are flaps of tissue that prevent
back flow of blood to left atrium when left ventricle
contract.
• 14. Tricuspid valves are flaps of tissue that prevent
back flow of blood to right atrium when right
ventricle contract.
• 15. Valve tendons are inelastic and prevent the
atrioventricular valves from turning inside out when
ventricles contract.
• 16. Semilunar valves are pocket like and prevent
blood in aorta and pulmonary artery from flowing
back to the heart when the ventricles contract.
• 17. Coronary artery has thick muscular wall and
transports blood with high pressure from aorta
to the heart muscles.
• 18. Coronary vein has wider lumen and valves
and transports de-oxygenated blood from
cardiac muscles to the vena cava.
• 19. Septum has tough cardiac muscles that
separate the oxygenated blood in right ventricle
from the oxygenated blood in the left ventricle.
Heart muscles.
• Are called cardiac muscles.
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• Illustration-1 BIOLOGY Topical Video
clips\Transport in animals and plants\Blood
circulation in Heart.mp4
• Illustration – 2BIOLOGY Topical Video
clips\Transport in animals and plants\How
the cardiac cycle is produced by electrical
impulses in the heart.mp4
• Deoxygenated blood from the body enter the
heart right auricle through vena cava.
• - Then to right ventricle via tricuspid valve.
• - Then to lungs via Semilunar valve and
pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
• - Oxygenated blood flows back to heart left
auricle via pulmonary vein then across bicuspid
valve to left ventricle where it is pumped to the
rest of the body via aorta.
PUMPING MECHANISM OF HEART.
• Involves two cycles namely: Diastole and Systole.
• DIASTOLE (Relaxation cycle).
• -The two ventricles relax at ago. Their volume
increase while pressure decrease.
• -This together with slight contraction of the auricles
cause the cuspid valves to open and blood to flow
from auricles to the ventricles.
• -Semilunar valves close to
prevent back flow of blood to
to
ventricles from aorta and
pulmonary artery.
• The two ventricles contract at ago. Their
volume decrease and pressure increase.
• Blood is pumped to the body via aorta and to
lungs via pulmonary artery.
• Semilunar valves open.
• Cuspid valves close to prevent
back flow of blood to the
auricles.
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Qn.1. What is heart beat?
Ans- Systole followed by diastole.
Qn.2. Determine your own heart beat now per minute.
Ans – 60-70 times per minute.
Qn.3. What can cause increase or decrease in heart
beat.
Ans- Exercise, excitement, emotions, sickness...
Qn.4. Akid and an adult who has lowest heart beat?
Ans – Adult.
Qn.5. What is the role of vagus and sympathetic nerve.
Ans- Vagus nerve slows heart beat.
-Sympathetic nerve accelerates heart beat.
• PICTURES:
• Pictures
Fish circulatory system
. Pictures
• Qn – Name the circulatory system in fish.
• Ans – Is Closed circulatory system- Reason: Blood
moves in blood vessels.
- Is Single
circulatory system – Reason- The blood flows
through heart only once then to the rest of the
body.
• Qn - State 3 differences between single circulatory
system and double circulatory system.
WELCOME TO TODAYS LESSON
WE SHALL LEARN ABOUT
BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD VESSELS.
•3 TYPES:
•1. Arteries
•2. Veins
•3. Capillaries
ADAPTATION OF ARTERIES AND VEINS
• - Single layer of endothelium lining the inside
which provides smooth lining which offers least
possible resistance to blood flow.
• - Layer of elastic fibers and smooth muscles whose
contractions and relaxations creates pulsating
action that plays role of regulating pressure of
blood.
• - Tough elastic collagen fibers that allows for
pulsations and protects blood vessels from
overstretching and busting.
• Made of thin single layer of endothelium to allow
for ultra filtration and to reduce diffusion distance
for easy movement of substances in and out of
capillaries.
• Are numerous to increase surface area for supply
of substances in blood to tissue cells.
• Are tiny to be able to penetrate in between tissue
cells.
ARTERIES
VEINS
1. Thick muscular walls
1. Thin muscular walls
2. No valves except aorta
2. Have valves throughout.
3. Blood flows rapidly under
high pressure
4. Lie deep in body
3. Blood flows slowly at low
pressure
4. Lie near body surface
5. Transport oxygenated
blood except
pulmonary artery.
6. Narrow lumen
5. Transport deoxygenated
blood except pulmonary
vein.
6. Wider lumen
Arteries and veins
• Images.
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Blood flow in valves
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Arteries and veins
• Artery
Vein
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• General
• What enables blood to flow forward
in the veins despite the low
pressure?
• Why is the blood pressure in the
arteries high?
• Why is the blood pressure in veins
low?
• URL
• BIOLOGY Topical Video clips\Transport in animals
and plants\Circulatory system.mp4
DISEASES AND DEFECTS OF
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
• 1. THROMBOSIS
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Blockage of artery due to:
a) Cholesterol accumulation.
b) Blood clot
c) Arteries becoming fibrous
Thrombosis illustration
• Pictures
Causes of thrombosis:
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i) Heavy intake of fats in diet.
ii) Heavy intake of alcohol.
iii) smoking.
iv) Stress.
v) Smoking.
Effects of Thrombosis:
• a) Reduces or stops Oxygen and nutrient
supply to tissues supplied by the
blocked blood vessel.
• b) Stroke ( if brain artery is blocked).
• c) Heart attack ( If coronary artery is
blocked).
• d) High blood pressure.
• e) Rupture of the artery.
Control of thrombosis
• a) Avoid alcohol.
• b) Avoid smoking.
• c) Reduce fat intake.
• d) Exercises.
VERICOSE VEINS
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-Damaged valves of superficial veins.
- Blood fails to flow well in veins.
- Veins swell due to accumulation of blood.
- Tissue fluid accumulate leading to some
swelling of tissues.
• CONTROL
• -Surgery replacement of faulty valves.
• - Exercises.
HYPERTENSION
• Normal blood pressure is 90/60 to 140/90
• Task: In 140/90 what does 140 and 90 stand
for?
• CAUSES:
• 1. Arteriosclerosis
• 2. Thrombosis (ie since the heart is
overworked in forcing blood to flow through
the narrowed arteries.).
Other causes of hypertension
• - Heavy alcohol intake
• - Heavy smoking.
• -Stress.
• - High salt intake.
Control of hypertension.
• - Regular exercises
• - Reduce salt intake.
• -Avoid excessive alcohol intake and smoking.
• Good stress management.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• Cause- Deposition of calcium and formation
of fibrous connective tissue in arteries which
makes them thick, hardened and inelastic.
• This occurs due to lack of exercises,
overweight, and emotional stress.
• Effect- Causes hypertension.
• Control- Exercises and proper stress
management.
Module 3
MAMMALIAN BLOOD.
• COMPOSITION:
• 1. Cellular components.
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a) Erythrocytes
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b) Leucocytes
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c) Thrombocytes
• Fluid medium – The plasma.
• Images. Blood smear.
• Group discussion- identify all the blood
components in this photomicrograph.
• Images.- Blood smeer
Mammalian blood
• Images
Group work.
• Discus the differences between various
types of blood cells in relation to their:
• i) Shape
• ii) Size
• iii) numbers
• Use the photo below:
• -Pale yellow fluid.
• 90% of plasma is water.
• Has the following in solution form- nutrients
(ie glucose, amino acids, mineral salts,
vitamins, fatty acids and glycerol etc),
hormones, enzymes, some dissolved oxygen
and CO2 …
• Has blood cells and plasma proteins like
fibrinogen, albumin etc in suspension.
Functions of plasma:
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a) Transports blood cells.
b) Transport of nutrients in solution form.
c) Transport of metabolic wastes.
d) Transport of hormones.
e) Transport of plasma proteins e.g
antibodies, fibrinogen etc
• f) Regulation of pH of body fluids.
• g) Regulate temperature by distributing heat
around the body.
Blood components
• Role of components of blood
• IllustrationBlood videos and others\The
Components of Blood and Their Importance YouTube.WEBM