Download to an original list of Monarchs/Leaders of

FRANCE
Capetian
Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (987-996)- started the Capetian Line (lasted 341 years)
Robert II, the Pious (996-1031)
Henri I (1031-1060)
Philippe I (1060-1108)
Louis VI, the Fat (1108-1137)- husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine
Louis VII (1137-1180)- helped lead Second Crusade
Philippe II Auguste (1180-1223)- participated in Third Crusade
Louis VIII (1223-1226)
Louis IX (Saint Louis) (1226-1270)- led Seventh Crusade
Philippe III the Bold (1270-1285)
Philippe IV the Fair (1285-1314)
Louis X (1314-1316)
Jean I (1316-1316)
Philippe V (1316-1322)
Charles IV (1322-1328)- issued the Golden Bull [Remember: The Golden Bull of 1356 lasted
for more than 400 years and stated that the Holy Roman Emperor would be chose by seven
princes, which later were three Protestants, three Catholics, and the former Holy Roman
Emperor.]
Valois
Philip VI (1328-1350)- claimed the English throne rather than allowing Edward III of England
to take it [Remember: This is one of the causes of the Hundred Years’ War.]; was the first
French leader to be elected
John II (1350-1364)
Charles V (1364-1380)
Charles VI (1380-1422)
Charles VII (1422-1461)- tested Joan of Arc by switching clothes with a servant; monarch of
England during end of Hundred Years’ War
Louis XI “the Spider” (1461-1483)- united the French states into a unified France
Charles VIII (1483-1498)- was invited by Milan to interfere in the Italian Wars by taking the
crown of Naples
Louis XII (1498-1515)- claimed Milan but couldn’t maintain control; defeated Swiss
mercenaries at Marignano
Francis I (1515-1545)- one of the three main fighters of the Italian Wars [Remember: Francis I
signed the Treaty of Madrid after losing the Italian Wars against Henry VIII and Charles I
(Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). He quickly went against this treaty, resumed the war, won
with Henry VIII on his side, and signed the final Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis.]
Henry II (1547-1559)- resumed fighting with England; died in a jousting match; death led to
French wars of religion [Remember: Henry II resumed fighting England because he was
imprisoned until Francis I fulfilled the terms of the Treaty of Madrid, which he didn’t. The
French wars of religion involved a struggle between the Guise and Bourbons and included
incidents such as Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.]
Francis II (1559-1560)- took throne at age 15; married Mary Queen of Scots, allowed Guise to
dominate offices, was not very healthy and died young
Charles IV (1560-1574)- brother of Francis II; took throne at age 10; his mother Catherine de
Medicis was regent
Henry III (1574-1589)- lost the war of the three Henrys against Henry Guise and Henry of
Navarre (see below) [Remember: Henry III invited Henry Guise to a meeting in his bedroom
and stabbed him to death. Henry III was eventually killed as well.]
Bourbons
Henry IV of Navarre (1589-1610)- escaped Bartholomew’s Day Massacre; “Henry Bourbon”;
was a Protestant that ended the French wars of religion by converting to Catholicism, saying
“Paris is worth a mass.”; won the war of the three Henrys; had 18 attempted assassinations on his
life and was finally stabbed to death [Remember: Catherine de Medicis arranged a wedding
between Henry IV and Margaret to symbolize an alliance between the crown and protestants.
Catholics took advantage of this and killed Protestants in Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.]
Louis XIII (1610-1643)- took throne at age 8; had Catherine de Medicis as regent and Richelieu
as a “favorite”; declared war on Philip IV during the Thirty Years’ War
Louis XIV (1643-1715)- took throne at age 16; the “Sun King”; had Anne of Austria as regent
and Mazarin as a “favorite”
Louis XV (1715-1774)- avoided war and stabilized French currency
Louis XVI (1774-1792)- took throne at age 20; overthrown during French Revolution; had
Turgot then Necker then Calonne then de Brienne as controller generals of finance; called
meeting of Estates-General; liked playing with locks; helped U.S. during revolution, putting
France further in debt
Revolution/First Republic
The National Assembly (1789-1791)- former Third Estate; began with the Tennis Court Oath;
had National Guard under General Lafayette; established the Civil Constitution of the
Clergy to confiscate church lands
The Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)- elected by the Constitution of 1791 which made Louis
XVI “Louis, by the grace of God and the constitutional law of the state, King of the French”
The National Convention (1792–1795)- took power by force; executed Louis XVI after he tried
to escape; established the Committee of Public Safety which was later controlled by
Robespierre during the Rein of Terror, ended with the Thermidorean Reaction
The Directory (1795–1799)- tried to deal with financial crisis and foreign wars
The Consulate (Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul, 1802–1804) (1799–1804)- ruled by a
Triumvirate of Consuls; Napoleon became First Consul then First Consul for life
The First Empire
Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte), (1804-1815)- born in Corsica; conquered most of Europe;
created the Continental System against Britain; seized the Rosetta Stone; enacted the
Concordat of 1801 which made Catholicism the religion of France again; enacted the
Napoleonic Codes which codified French law (like Common Law of England); fought the
Napoleonic Wars; invaded Russia and lost because of cold winter; banished to island of Elba;
returned after the Hundred Days of banishment, defeated at Waterloo and banished to island of
St. Helena
Bourbon Restoration (after Napoleon I)
Louis XVII (never actually reigned)
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)- given power by the Congress of Vienna that dealt with the end of
the Napoleonic Wars; accepted a constitutional monarchy
Charles X (1824-1830)- assumed throne and dedicated himself to restoring the kingship as it
was before revolution; aligned monarchy with Catholic church; had ultraroyalists run
government; had elections that turned out a majority against him; enacted the Four Ordinances
which censored press and changed electoral vote in his favor; called for elections again, but
living conditions were terrible and led to the July 1830 revolts; fled to England
House of Bourbon-Orléans (after revolution of 1830)
Louis Philippe, descendant of Louis XIII (1830–48)- head of the July Monarchy; lowered
voting age from 30-25; still required land to vote; doubled electorate; overthrown 1948 when big
banquet was cancelled
The Second Republic (after revolution of 1948)
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon I, president) (1848–52)- created
Provisional Government head by Blanc; also had the Luxembourg Commission and national
workshops
The Second Empire
Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1852–70)- (same as above) made himself monarch
[Remember: Charles X did the same.]; was overthrown during Franco-Prussian War
The Third Republic (presidents) (after Franco-Prussian War)
Louis Jules Trochu (provisional) (1870–1871)
Adolphe Thiers (1871–1873)
Marie Edmé Patrice de MacMahon (1873–1879)
Jules Grévy (1879–1887)
Sadi Carnot (1887–1894)
Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Périer (1894–1895)
Félix Faure (1895–1899)
Émile François Loubet (1899–1906)
Armand Fallières (1906–1913)
Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920)
Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel (1920)
Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924)
Gaston Doumergue (1924–1931)
Paul Doumer (1931–1932)
Albert Lebrun (1932–1940)
The Vichy Government (after Nazi invasion)
Henri Philippe Pétain (chief of state) (1940–1944)- led collaborative government in southeast
France during World War II; aided the Nazis voluntarily and provided them with additional
victims for the holocaust
The Provisional Government
Charles de Gaulle, president (1944–1946)- president after World War II; led the Free French
Government movement from London that controlled an underground guerrilla force that
disrupted Nazi operation in France during World War II
The Fourth Republic (presidents)
Georges Bidault (provisional) (1946)
Vincent Auriol (1947–54)
René Coty (1954–58)
The Fifth Republic (presidents)
Charles de Gaulle (1958–69)
Georges Pompidou (1969–74)
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1974–81)
François Mitterrand (1981–95)
Jacques Chirac (1995– )
ENGLAND
Mocharchs
Normans
William I, the Conqueror (1066-1087)- conquered England for the last time in history during
the Norman Conquest
…
Plantagenet, Angevin Line
Henry II, Curtmantle, “Anjou” (1154-1189)- created the Common Law, husband of Eleanor
of Aquitaine
Richard I the Lionheart (1189-1199)- son of Eleanor, participated in the Third Crusade
John, Lackland (119-1216)
Henry III (1216-72)
Edward I, Longshanks (1272-1307)
Edward II (1307-1327)
Edward III (1327-1377)- claimed the French throne and began the Hundred Years’ War
Richard II (1377-1399)
Plantagenet, Lancastrian Line
Henry IV, Bolingbroke (1399-1413)- was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII and walked
in the snow to ask for forgiveness
Henry V (1413-1422)
Henry IV (1422-1461, 1470-1471)
Plantagenet, Yorkist Line
Edward IV (1461-1470, 1471-1483)- got the crown for the Yorks during the War of the Roses
Edward V (1483)- was killed by his uncle Richard III (see below) in the Tower of London
Richard III, Crookback (1483-1485)- killed Edward V (see above) so he could become king,
was killed by Henry VII
House of Tudor
Henry VII, Tudor (1485-1509)- a Lancastrian who ended the War of the Roses by killing
Richard III (see above) and creating the Tudor Line
Henry VIII (1509-1547)- had six wives including Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, and
Jane Seymour; “preferred the chopping block to the treaty”; taxed every penny; confiscated
enormous wealth of the church; one of the three main fighters of the Italian Wars; started the
Anglican church; got the title “Defender of the Faith” for attacking Lutherans; suppressed the
Pilgrimage of Grace [Remember: The Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion was the most serious threat
to England since the War of the Roses.]
Edward VI (1547-1553)- had church services done in English; had the first two prayer books in
English created
Lady Jane Grey (1553)- didn’t really rule and not recorded as a monarch by some
Mary I, Tudor, Bloody Mary (1553-1558)- converted England to Catholicism and killed many
Protestants (Bloody Mary); married Philip II
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)- brought England back to Anglicanism (Good Queen Bess); never
married (Virgin Queen), defeated the Spanish Armada
House of Stuart
James I (James VI of Scotland) (1603-1625)- ends war with England, wrote The True Law of
Free Monarchies defining divine right of kings, came from Scotland and gave away new
peerages
Charles I (1625-1649)- created the Petition of Right; had duke of Buckingham as a “favorite”;
experienced the English Civil War and Revolution [Remember: The Petition of Right gave
freedom from arbitrary arrest or imprisonment.]
The Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658)- crushed Royalists with Thomas Fairfax, dissolved the Rump
Parliament, created the Instrument of Government [Remember: The English Civil War was
closely followed by the English Revolution when the army took things into its own hands. The
Rump Parliament consisted of the remaining members of the Long Parliament who would agree
to the execution of Charles I. The Instrument of Government was the new constitution that
made Oliver Cromwell the “Lord Protector” and created an administrative body called the
“Council of State”.]
Richard Cromwell (1658-1659)- inexperienced
House of Stuart, Restored
Charles II (1660-1685)- known as the “Merry Monarch” for restoring theater and fun to
England
James II (1685-1688)- was Catholic and put Catholics into office; government negotiated with
William and Mary to have him removed
House of Orange and Stuart
William III (“Prince of Orange”), Mary II (“Stuart”) (1689-1702)- replaced James II after
the Glorious Revolution; enacted the Declaration of Rights and the Toleration Act
[Remember: The Declaration of Rights created a limited monarchy in England while the
Toleration Act gave religious freedom to nearly all Protestants.]
Anne (1702-1714)
House of Brunswick, Hanover Line
George I (1714-1727)- a Protestant who was favored by the Whigs while the Tories wanted a
James III instead
George II (1727-1760)- created the British Museum
George III (1760-1820)- wanted to shift tax burden to North American colonies, created the
Sugar Act and Stamp Act, enacted the Declaratory Act stating that Parliament holds
jurisdiction over the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”; experienced the American Revolution
George IV (1820-1830)
William IV (1830-1837)
Victoria (1837-1901)
House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Edward VII (1901-1910)
House of Windsor
George V (1910-1936)
Edward VIII (1936)
George VI (1936-1952)
Elizabeth II (1952-present)
Prime Ministers
Robert Walpole - 1721-42- ruled House of Commons during rein of first two Georges
Spencer Compton - 1742-43
Henry Pelham 1743-54
Thomas Pelham-Holles - 1754-56
William Cavendish - 1756-57
William Pitt - 1757-61
Thomas Pelham-Holles 1761-62
John Stuart - 1762-63
George Grenville - 1763-65
Charles Watson-Wentworth - 1765-66
William Pitt - 1766-68
Augustus Fitzroy - 1768-70
Frederick North 1770-82
Charles Watson-Wentworth 1782
William Petty FitzMaurice - 1782-83
William Henry Cavendish Bentinck - 1783
William Pitt the Younger - 1783-1801
Henry Addington - 1783-1804
William Pitt the Younger - 1804-06
William Wyndham Grenville - 1806-07
William Henry Cavendish Bentinck - 1807-09
Spencer Perceval - 1809-12
Robert Banks Jenkinson - 1812-27
George Canning - 1827
Frederick John Robinson - 1827-28
Arthur Wellesley - 1828-30
Charles Grey - 1830-34
William Lamb - 1834
Robert Peel- 1834-35
William Lamb - 1835-41
Robert Peel- 1841-46
John Russell - 1846-52
Lord Derby - 1852
Lord Derby - 1858-59
Lord Palmerston - 1855-65
Lord Derby - 1866-68
Benjamin Disraeli - 1868
William Gladstone - 1868-74
Benjamin Disraeli - 1874-80
William Gladstone - 1880-85
Lord Salisbury - 1885-86
William Gladstone - 1896
Lord Salisbury - 1886-92
William Gladstone - 1892-94
Archibald Philip Primrose Rosebery - 1894-95
Lord Salisbury - 1895-1901
Arthur James Balfour 1902-05
Henry Campbell-Bannerman 1905-08
Herbert Henry Asquith - 1908-16
David Lloyd George 1916-22
Andrew Bonar Law 1922-23
Stanley Baldwin - 1923-24
James Ramsey MacDonald - 1924
Stanley Baldwin - 1924-29
James Ramsey MacDonald - 1929-35
Stanley Baldwin - 1935-37
Neville Chamberlain - 1937-40
Winston Churchill - 1940-45
Clement Atlee - 1945-51
Winston Churchill - 1951-55
Anthony Eden - 1955-57
Harold Macmillan - 1957-63
Alexander Douglas-Home - 1963-64
Harold Wilson - 1964-70
Edward Heath - 1970-74
Harold Wilson - 1974-76
James Callaghan - 1976-79
Margaret Thatcher - 1979-90
John Major - 1990-97
Tony Blair - 1997-
SPAIN
House of Habsburg / House of Austria
Charles I (1516–1556)- also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, ruled Navarre, made the
Netherlands independent of the Holy Roman Empire and under Philip II; one of the three main
fighters of the Italian Wars
Philip II (1556–1598)- added Portugal to Spain in 1580; failed to invade England with the
Spanish Armada; lost control over the Netherlands; “King of Paper”; strong Catholic; was
ruler of the Netherlands before becoming monarch of Spain [Remember: The revolt of the
Netherlands is associated with the following terms and people: Duke of Alba, Council of Blood,
Spanish Fury, States-General, Antwerp, Twelve Years’ Truce, Pacification of Ghent.]
Philip III (1598 – 1621)- continued struggle with the Netherlands
Philip IV (1621–1665)- lost the Portugal in 1640; experienced the revolt of Catalonia, had
Olivares as a “favorite”
Charles II (1665–1700)House of Bourbon
The Spanish kings of the House of Bourbon were descended from the French royal family.
Philip V: 16 November 1700–14 January 1724
Louis I: 14 January–31 August 1724[2]
Philip V (restored): 6 September 1724–9 July 1746
Ferdinand VI: 9 July 1746–10 August 1759
Charles III: 10 August 1759–14 December 1788
Charles IV: 14 December 1788–19 March 1808
Ferdinand VII: 19 March–6 May 1808[3]
Charles IV (restored): 6 May 1808[4]
House of Bonaparte
Joseph I Napoleon: 6 June 1808–11 December 1813[5]
House of Bourbon (first restoration)
Ferdinand VII: 11 December 1813–29 September 1833
Isabella II: 29 September 1833–30 September 1868[6]
House of Savoy
Amadeo I: 2 January 1871–11 February 1873
Interregnum: First Republic
First Spanish Republic: 1873–1874
House of Bourbon (second restoration)
Alfonso XII: 29 December 1874–25 November 1885[7]
Alfonso XIII: 17 May 1886–14 April 1931
Interregnum: Second Republic and Franco era
Second Spanish Republic: 1931–1939
Rule of Francisco Franco: 1939–1975
House of Bourbon (third restoration)
Juan Carlos I: 22 November 1975–
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