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FRANCE Capetian Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (987-996)- started the Capetian Line (lasted 341 years) Robert II, the Pious (996-1031) Henri I (1031-1060) Philippe I (1060-1108) Louis VI, the Fat (1108-1137)- husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine Louis VII (1137-1180)- helped lead Second Crusade Philippe II Auguste (1180-1223)- participated in Third Crusade Louis VIII (1223-1226) Louis IX (Saint Louis) (1226-1270)- led Seventh Crusade Philippe III the Bold (1270-1285) Philippe IV the Fair (1285-1314) Louis X (1314-1316) Jean I (1316-1316) Philippe V (1316-1322) Charles IV (1322-1328)- issued the Golden Bull [Remember: The Golden Bull of 1356 lasted for more than 400 years and stated that the Holy Roman Emperor would be chose by seven princes, which later were three Protestants, three Catholics, and the former Holy Roman Emperor.] Valois Philip VI (1328-1350)- claimed the English throne rather than allowing Edward III of England to take it [Remember: This is one of the causes of the Hundred Years’ War.]; was the first French leader to be elected John II (1350-1364) Charles V (1364-1380) Charles VI (1380-1422) Charles VII (1422-1461)- tested Joan of Arc by switching clothes with a servant; monarch of England during end of Hundred Years’ War Louis XI “the Spider” (1461-1483)- united the French states into a unified France Charles VIII (1483-1498)- was invited by Milan to interfere in the Italian Wars by taking the crown of Naples Louis XII (1498-1515)- claimed Milan but couldn’t maintain control; defeated Swiss mercenaries at Marignano Francis I (1515-1545)- one of the three main fighters of the Italian Wars [Remember: Francis I signed the Treaty of Madrid after losing the Italian Wars against Henry VIII and Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). He quickly went against this treaty, resumed the war, won with Henry VIII on his side, and signed the final Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis.] Henry II (1547-1559)- resumed fighting with England; died in a jousting match; death led to French wars of religion [Remember: Henry II resumed fighting England because he was imprisoned until Francis I fulfilled the terms of the Treaty of Madrid, which he didn’t. The French wars of religion involved a struggle between the Guise and Bourbons and included incidents such as Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.] Francis II (1559-1560)- took throne at age 15; married Mary Queen of Scots, allowed Guise to dominate offices, was not very healthy and died young Charles IV (1560-1574)- brother of Francis II; took throne at age 10; his mother Catherine de Medicis was regent Henry III (1574-1589)- lost the war of the three Henrys against Henry Guise and Henry of Navarre (see below) [Remember: Henry III invited Henry Guise to a meeting in his bedroom and stabbed him to death. Henry III was eventually killed as well.] Bourbons Henry IV of Navarre (1589-1610)- escaped Bartholomew’s Day Massacre; “Henry Bourbon”; was a Protestant that ended the French wars of religion by converting to Catholicism, saying “Paris is worth a mass.”; won the war of the three Henrys; had 18 attempted assassinations on his life and was finally stabbed to death [Remember: Catherine de Medicis arranged a wedding between Henry IV and Margaret to symbolize an alliance between the crown and protestants. Catholics took advantage of this and killed Protestants in Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.] Louis XIII (1610-1643)- took throne at age 8; had Catherine de Medicis as regent and Richelieu as a “favorite”; declared war on Philip IV during the Thirty Years’ War Louis XIV (1643-1715)- took throne at age 16; the “Sun King”; had Anne of Austria as regent and Mazarin as a “favorite” Louis XV (1715-1774)- avoided war and stabilized French currency Louis XVI (1774-1792)- took throne at age 20; overthrown during French Revolution; had Turgot then Necker then Calonne then de Brienne as controller generals of finance; called meeting of Estates-General; liked playing with locks; helped U.S. during revolution, putting France further in debt Revolution/First Republic The National Assembly (1789-1791)- former Third Estate; began with the Tennis Court Oath; had National Guard under General Lafayette; established the Civil Constitution of the Clergy to confiscate church lands The Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)- elected by the Constitution of 1791 which made Louis XVI “Louis, by the grace of God and the constitutional law of the state, King of the French” The National Convention (1792–1795)- took power by force; executed Louis XVI after he tried to escape; established the Committee of Public Safety which was later controlled by Robespierre during the Rein of Terror, ended with the Thermidorean Reaction The Directory (1795–1799)- tried to deal with financial crisis and foreign wars The Consulate (Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul, 1802–1804) (1799–1804)- ruled by a Triumvirate of Consuls; Napoleon became First Consul then First Consul for life The First Empire Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte), (1804-1815)- born in Corsica; conquered most of Europe; created the Continental System against Britain; seized the Rosetta Stone; enacted the Concordat of 1801 which made Catholicism the religion of France again; enacted the Napoleonic Codes which codified French law (like Common Law of England); fought the Napoleonic Wars; invaded Russia and lost because of cold winter; banished to island of Elba; returned after the Hundred Days of banishment, defeated at Waterloo and banished to island of St. Helena Bourbon Restoration (after Napoleon I) Louis XVII (never actually reigned) Louis XVIII (1814-1824)- given power by the Congress of Vienna that dealt with the end of the Napoleonic Wars; accepted a constitutional monarchy Charles X (1824-1830)- assumed throne and dedicated himself to restoring the kingship as it was before revolution; aligned monarchy with Catholic church; had ultraroyalists run government; had elections that turned out a majority against him; enacted the Four Ordinances which censored press and changed electoral vote in his favor; called for elections again, but living conditions were terrible and led to the July 1830 revolts; fled to England House of Bourbon-Orléans (after revolution of 1830) Louis Philippe, descendant of Louis XIII (1830–48)- head of the July Monarchy; lowered voting age from 30-25; still required land to vote; doubled electorate; overthrown 1948 when big banquet was cancelled The Second Republic (after revolution of 1948) Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon I, president) (1848–52)- created Provisional Government head by Blanc; also had the Luxembourg Commission and national workshops The Second Empire Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1852–70)- (same as above) made himself monarch [Remember: Charles X did the same.]; was overthrown during Franco-Prussian War The Third Republic (presidents) (after Franco-Prussian War) Louis Jules Trochu (provisional) (1870–1871) Adolphe Thiers (1871–1873) Marie Edmé Patrice de MacMahon (1873–1879) Jules Grévy (1879–1887) Sadi Carnot (1887–1894) Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Périer (1894–1895) Félix Faure (1895–1899) Émile François Loubet (1899–1906) Armand Fallières (1906–1913) Raymond Poincaré (1913–1920) Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel (1920) Alexandre Millerand (1920–1924) Gaston Doumergue (1924–1931) Paul Doumer (1931–1932) Albert Lebrun (1932–1940) The Vichy Government (after Nazi invasion) Henri Philippe Pétain (chief of state) (1940–1944)- led collaborative government in southeast France during World War II; aided the Nazis voluntarily and provided them with additional victims for the holocaust The Provisional Government Charles de Gaulle, president (1944–1946)- president after World War II; led the Free French Government movement from London that controlled an underground guerrilla force that disrupted Nazi operation in France during World War II The Fourth Republic (presidents) Georges Bidault (provisional) (1946) Vincent Auriol (1947–54) René Coty (1954–58) The Fifth Republic (presidents) Charles de Gaulle (1958–69) Georges Pompidou (1969–74) Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1974–81) François Mitterrand (1981–95) Jacques Chirac (1995– ) ENGLAND Mocharchs Normans William I, the Conqueror (1066-1087)- conquered England for the last time in history during the Norman Conquest … Plantagenet, Angevin Line Henry II, Curtmantle, “Anjou” (1154-1189)- created the Common Law, husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine Richard I the Lionheart (1189-1199)- son of Eleanor, participated in the Third Crusade John, Lackland (119-1216) Henry III (1216-72) Edward I, Longshanks (1272-1307) Edward II (1307-1327) Edward III (1327-1377)- claimed the French throne and began the Hundred Years’ War Richard II (1377-1399) Plantagenet, Lancastrian Line Henry IV, Bolingbroke (1399-1413)- was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII and walked in the snow to ask for forgiveness Henry V (1413-1422) Henry IV (1422-1461, 1470-1471) Plantagenet, Yorkist Line Edward IV (1461-1470, 1471-1483)- got the crown for the Yorks during the War of the Roses Edward V (1483)- was killed by his uncle Richard III (see below) in the Tower of London Richard III, Crookback (1483-1485)- killed Edward V (see above) so he could become king, was killed by Henry VII House of Tudor Henry VII, Tudor (1485-1509)- a Lancastrian who ended the War of the Roses by killing Richard III (see above) and creating the Tudor Line Henry VIII (1509-1547)- had six wives including Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, and Jane Seymour; “preferred the chopping block to the treaty”; taxed every penny; confiscated enormous wealth of the church; one of the three main fighters of the Italian Wars; started the Anglican church; got the title “Defender of the Faith” for attacking Lutherans; suppressed the Pilgrimage of Grace [Remember: The Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion was the most serious threat to England since the War of the Roses.] Edward VI (1547-1553)- had church services done in English; had the first two prayer books in English created Lady Jane Grey (1553)- didn’t really rule and not recorded as a monarch by some Mary I, Tudor, Bloody Mary (1553-1558)- converted England to Catholicism and killed many Protestants (Bloody Mary); married Philip II Elizabeth I (1558-1603)- brought England back to Anglicanism (Good Queen Bess); never married (Virgin Queen), defeated the Spanish Armada House of Stuart James I (James VI of Scotland) (1603-1625)- ends war with England, wrote The True Law of Free Monarchies defining divine right of kings, came from Scotland and gave away new peerages Charles I (1625-1649)- created the Petition of Right; had duke of Buckingham as a “favorite”; experienced the English Civil War and Revolution [Remember: The Petition of Right gave freedom from arbitrary arrest or imprisonment.] The Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658)- crushed Royalists with Thomas Fairfax, dissolved the Rump Parliament, created the Instrument of Government [Remember: The English Civil War was closely followed by the English Revolution when the army took things into its own hands. The Rump Parliament consisted of the remaining members of the Long Parliament who would agree to the execution of Charles I. The Instrument of Government was the new constitution that made Oliver Cromwell the “Lord Protector” and created an administrative body called the “Council of State”.] Richard Cromwell (1658-1659)- inexperienced House of Stuart, Restored Charles II (1660-1685)- known as the “Merry Monarch” for restoring theater and fun to England James II (1685-1688)- was Catholic and put Catholics into office; government negotiated with William and Mary to have him removed House of Orange and Stuart William III (“Prince of Orange”), Mary II (“Stuart”) (1689-1702)- replaced James II after the Glorious Revolution; enacted the Declaration of Rights and the Toleration Act [Remember: The Declaration of Rights created a limited monarchy in England while the Toleration Act gave religious freedom to nearly all Protestants.] Anne (1702-1714) House of Brunswick, Hanover Line George I (1714-1727)- a Protestant who was favored by the Whigs while the Tories wanted a James III instead George II (1727-1760)- created the British Museum George III (1760-1820)- wanted to shift tax burden to North American colonies, created the Sugar Act and Stamp Act, enacted the Declaratory Act stating that Parliament holds jurisdiction over the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”; experienced the American Revolution George IV (1820-1830) William IV (1830-1837) Victoria (1837-1901) House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Edward VII (1901-1910) House of Windsor George V (1910-1936) Edward VIII (1936) George VI (1936-1952) Elizabeth II (1952-present) Prime Ministers Robert Walpole - 1721-42- ruled House of Commons during rein of first two Georges Spencer Compton - 1742-43 Henry Pelham 1743-54 Thomas Pelham-Holles - 1754-56 William Cavendish - 1756-57 William Pitt - 1757-61 Thomas Pelham-Holles 1761-62 John Stuart - 1762-63 George Grenville - 1763-65 Charles Watson-Wentworth - 1765-66 William Pitt - 1766-68 Augustus Fitzroy - 1768-70 Frederick North 1770-82 Charles Watson-Wentworth 1782 William Petty FitzMaurice - 1782-83 William Henry Cavendish Bentinck - 1783 William Pitt the Younger - 1783-1801 Henry Addington - 1783-1804 William Pitt the Younger - 1804-06 William Wyndham Grenville - 1806-07 William Henry Cavendish Bentinck - 1807-09 Spencer Perceval - 1809-12 Robert Banks Jenkinson - 1812-27 George Canning - 1827 Frederick John Robinson - 1827-28 Arthur Wellesley - 1828-30 Charles Grey - 1830-34 William Lamb - 1834 Robert Peel- 1834-35 William Lamb - 1835-41 Robert Peel- 1841-46 John Russell - 1846-52 Lord Derby - 1852 Lord Derby - 1858-59 Lord Palmerston - 1855-65 Lord Derby - 1866-68 Benjamin Disraeli - 1868 William Gladstone - 1868-74 Benjamin Disraeli - 1874-80 William Gladstone - 1880-85 Lord Salisbury - 1885-86 William Gladstone - 1896 Lord Salisbury - 1886-92 William Gladstone - 1892-94 Archibald Philip Primrose Rosebery - 1894-95 Lord Salisbury - 1895-1901 Arthur James Balfour 1902-05 Henry Campbell-Bannerman 1905-08 Herbert Henry Asquith - 1908-16 David Lloyd George 1916-22 Andrew Bonar Law 1922-23 Stanley Baldwin - 1923-24 James Ramsey MacDonald - 1924 Stanley Baldwin - 1924-29 James Ramsey MacDonald - 1929-35 Stanley Baldwin - 1935-37 Neville Chamberlain - 1937-40 Winston Churchill - 1940-45 Clement Atlee - 1945-51 Winston Churchill - 1951-55 Anthony Eden - 1955-57 Harold Macmillan - 1957-63 Alexander Douglas-Home - 1963-64 Harold Wilson - 1964-70 Edward Heath - 1970-74 Harold Wilson - 1974-76 James Callaghan - 1976-79 Margaret Thatcher - 1979-90 John Major - 1990-97 Tony Blair - 1997- SPAIN House of Habsburg / House of Austria Charles I (1516–1556)- also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, ruled Navarre, made the Netherlands independent of the Holy Roman Empire and under Philip II; one of the three main fighters of the Italian Wars Philip II (1556–1598)- added Portugal to Spain in 1580; failed to invade England with the Spanish Armada; lost control over the Netherlands; “King of Paper”; strong Catholic; was ruler of the Netherlands before becoming monarch of Spain [Remember: The revolt of the Netherlands is associated with the following terms and people: Duke of Alba, Council of Blood, Spanish Fury, States-General, Antwerp, Twelve Years’ Truce, Pacification of Ghent.] Philip III (1598 – 1621)- continued struggle with the Netherlands Philip IV (1621–1665)- lost the Portugal in 1640; experienced the revolt of Catalonia, had Olivares as a “favorite” Charles II (1665–1700)House of Bourbon The Spanish kings of the House of Bourbon were descended from the French royal family. Philip V: 16 November 1700–14 January 1724 Louis I: 14 January–31 August 1724[2] Philip V (restored): 6 September 1724–9 July 1746 Ferdinand VI: 9 July 1746–10 August 1759 Charles III: 10 August 1759–14 December 1788 Charles IV: 14 December 1788–19 March 1808 Ferdinand VII: 19 March–6 May 1808[3] Charles IV (restored): 6 May 1808[4] House of Bonaparte Joseph I Napoleon: 6 June 1808–11 December 1813[5] House of Bourbon (first restoration) Ferdinand VII: 11 December 1813–29 September 1833 Isabella II: 29 September 1833–30 September 1868[6] House of Savoy Amadeo I: 2 January 1871–11 February 1873 Interregnum: First Republic First Spanish Republic: 1873–1874 House of Bourbon (second restoration) Alfonso XII: 29 December 1874–25 November 1885[7] Alfonso XIII: 17 May 1886–14 April 1931 Interregnum: Second Republic and Franco era Second Spanish Republic: 1931–1939 Rule of Francisco Franco: 1939–1975 House of Bourbon (third restoration) Juan Carlos I: 22 November 1975– http://www.britannia.com http://www.infoplease.com http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk http://www.scaruffi.com