Download Chemistry Problem Solving Drill

Human Anatomy and Physiology- Problem Drill 01: Introduction to Human Anatomy and
Physiology
Question No. 1 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
Gross anatomy includes different approaches. Based on the figure below, which of the following
statements is correct?
A
B
Question #01
C
A. The three different approaches to gross anatomy are depicted in these figures.
B. Both figure A and B represent microscopic anatomy.
C. The figure labelled C does not represent systemic anatomy.
D. The figure labelled A does not represent surface anatomy.
E. None of the statements are correct.
A. Correct!
The three different approaches to gross anatomy are depicted in the figures.
B. Incorrect!
All three of these figures depict macroscopic anatomy.
C. Incorrect!
Figure C does represent systemic anatomy – by showing the entire skeletal system.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
Figure A does depict surface anatomy, as the surfaces and projections of the individual vertebra can be
recognized.
E. Incorrect!
One of the above statements is correct.
Gross anatomy includes different approaches: (1) Surface anatomy – such as bony markings and
attachment points; (2) Regional Anatomy – the study of the spinal column as a whole; and (3) Systemic
anatomy - considering the entire system, such as the skeletal system, and including its major divisions –
axial and appendicular.
Solution
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Question No. 2 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
A patient is referred to a dermatologist. During the appointment, the doctor describes to the patient the
anatomy and function of skin. Which of the following is correct?
Question #02
A. Skin, along with hair and the facial muscles, are part of the integumentary system.
B. Skin is made up of a superficial layer known as the dermis and a deeper layer known as the
epidermis.
C. Adipose tissue (fat) is underneath the dermal layer.
D. Sweat glands deliver sweat through the stratum corneum and then onto the surface of the dermis.
E. The skin or its underlying tissue receives no innervation from the nervous system.
A. Incorrect!
The integumentary system is made up of the skin, hair and nails.
B. Incorrect!
The superficial layer of the skin is the epidermis, and the deeper layer is the dermis.
C. Correct!
Adipose tissue is underneath the dermal layer.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
Sweat glands deliver sweat through the dermal and epidermal layers, onto the surface of the stratum
corneum.
E. Incorrect!
The skin does receive innervation from below, as well as the hair follicles.
Solution
The Integumentary system includes the skin, hair and nails. The integument forms a protective barrier
around the internal organs and cavities of the body. The integument is a living, growing system that can
adapt to changes, both inside and outside the body. Hair grows from the hair follicle, and this
keratinized filament provides some protection and sensation through its innervation. The epidermis and
dermis provides a protective layer over the body. A sweat duct and the gland it’s attached to provide a
means for lowering the body temperature. By delivering sweat through the duct onto the surface of the
skin, evaporation can contribute to cooling the body.
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Question No. 3 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
Based on the image below, which of the following statements is correct:
A
B
Question #03
A. The bone marked with A is from the axial skeleton.
B. Both the bones marked with A and B are from the axial skeleton.
C. The bone marked with B is from the axial skeleton.
D. The appendicular skeleton is represented by the letter A.
E. Both the bones marked A and B are from the same division of the skeletal system.
A. Correct!
The skull bone marked with the letter A is from the axial skeleton.
B. Incorrect!
The bone marked with B is from the appendicular skeleton.
C. Incorrect!
The bone marked with B is from the appendicular skeleton.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The skull bone marked with the letter A is part of the axial skeleton.
E. Incorrect!
A is from the axial skeleton, and B is from the appendicular skeleton.
Solution
The skeletal system has 2 divisions, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The functions of
the skeletal system include support and protection of the underlying organs. The skeletal system also
provides storage for minerals needed by the body, such as calcium. Axial Skeleton – includes the bones
of the skull and face, vertebral column, and the ribcage. These bones provide a focal center for the
support of the body, as well as protect vital organs, such as the brain and lungs. Appendicular Skeleton
– contains the majority of the bones in the body. The bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pelvic
girdle provide for locomotion and the manipulation of objects.
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Question No. 4 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
A 28-year-old man is referred to an orthopaedic surgeon because of a recurring knee problem that
requires surgery. The surgeon tells the patient that, during the surgery, the quadriceps muscle will be
partially separated from the patella (kneecap) in order to complete the procedure. Based on this
information, which of the following is correct?
Question #04
A. During the surgery, the quadriceps muscular attachment on the kneecap will be separated.
B. In order to complete the procedure, the quadriceps tendon will be divided.
C. There is no tendon involved in the procedure, as the quadriceps muscles are attached directly to the
kneecap.
D. The attachment of the quadriceps muscle onto the femur will be divided.
E. The quadriceps tendon that connects the femur bone to the kneecap will be divided during the
procedure.
A. Incorrect!
The quadriceps muscles are connected to the kneecap via the quadriceps tendon.
B. Correct!
The tendon must be involved in the procedure, as it connects the muscles to the kneecap.
C. Incorrect!
In general, tendons attach muscle to bone.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The quadriceps tendon attaches to the kneecap.
E. Incorrect!
In general, tendons attach muscle to bone.
A tendon is a band of fibrous tissue that typically connects a muscle to a bone. An example is the
quadriceps tendon, which connects the quadriceps muscles to the superior aspect of the patella. Tendons
are elastic in nature and are made of collagen fibers packed together. They can modulate the forces of
muscles on bones. Tendons allow muscles to create a greater force through their elastic nature.
Solution
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Question No. 5 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
During a routine physical, a patient has some endocrine function tests completed. The tests could involve
various organs and glands from the endocrine system. Which of the following statements is correct?
Question #05
A. The tests included the pituitary gland and the liver.
B. The thyroid gland and the pancreas were tested, as they both reside in the same location in the upper
neck region.
C. The thyroid gland, thymus gland and the pancreas were all tested.
D. The suprarenal glands were tested, as they are directly involved in blood sugar regulation.
E. The ovaries could not be included in the testing, as they are not part of the endocrine system.
A. Incorrect!
The liver is not considered part of the endocrine system.
B. Incorrect!
Both the thyroid gland and pancreas could be tested as they are both part of the endocrine system.
However, the pancreas is not located near the thyroid gland in the neck but rather in the abdomen.
C. Correct!
The thyroid gland, thymus gland and pancreas could all be tested, as they are all included in the
endocrine system.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The suprarenal glands produce catecholamines which affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
E. Incorrect!
The gonads (ovaries and testes) are endocrine organs that secrete key hormones for sexual development.
Solution
The endocrine system delivers hormones to target tissues in different regions of the body, via the
circulation. The organs/glands of the endocrine system include: (1) Pineal gland – plays a role in day and
night rhythms, (2) Pituitary gland - is a master control gland. It controls other glands in the system and
effects growth and fluid levels, (3) Thyroid gland – controls the body's metabolism and calcium levels, (4)
Parathyroid glands − function with the thyroid gland to control calcium levels, (5) Thymus − is involved in
the maturation of T-Cells, (6) Suprarenal glands − secrete catecholamines, modulates the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems, (7) Kidney − affects hematopoesis and blood pressure, (8) Pancreas − regulates
blood glucose levels, and (9) Gonads − testes regulate male reproduction and development, and the
ovaries regulate female reproduction and development.
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Question No. 6 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
A 73-year-old woman is referred to the hospital for cardiovascular testing. The doctor explains she has
some blockage in her cardiovascular system that is impacting her health. Which of the following
statements would be correct if told to the patient?
Question #06
A. The arteries in the patient’s neck, which deliver blood back to the heart, have the blockage.
B. The arteries at the base of the brain have lost their elastic nature, and this has contributed to the
blockage in that region.
C. The veins which are in the patient’s legs, which normally transport highly oxygenated blood, have the
blockage.
D. The major artery near the patient’s heart, which is a site of exchange between the blood and
interstitial fluid, is partially blocked.
E. The veins in the patient’s legs that deliver blood from the arteries to the capillaries are the site of the
blockage.
A. Incorrect!
Typically, arteries deliver blood from the heart to the capillaries in the different regions of the body.
B. Correct!
The arteries are elastic in nature, which contributes to maintaining the blood pressure.
C. Incorrect!
Normally, veins transport de-oxygenated blood, whereas arteries transport highly oxygenated blood.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The capillaries are the site of exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
E. Incorrect!
The veins deliver blood from the capillaries back towards the heart.
Solution
Arteries deliver blood from the heart to the capillaries. Arteries have elastic tissue and a layer of smooth
muscle in the arterial wall. The capillaries are the site of exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Veins are blood vessels that typically return blood to the heart. They carry less blood that is oxygenated,
as compared to arteries. Blood is the fluid portion of the cardiovascular system that transports oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones.
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Question No. 7 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
Based on the labeled image below, which of the following statements is correct?
A
Question #07
A. This region of the respiratory system is responsible for humidifying the inspired air.
B. The pharynx, which is labelled with the A in the image, protects the airway during swallowing.
C. The part of the respiratory system labeled in the image is the bronchi.
D. The label points to the larynx.
E. This region of the respiratory system filters the incoming air and traps foreign particles in mucus.
A. Incorrect!
The nasal cavity is responsible for warming and humidifying the inspired air; the label points to the
trachea.
B. Incorrect!
The pharynx is superior to the label, above the larynx (voice box).
C. Incorrect!
The bronchi are inferior to the trachea, which is labeled with the A in the image. They function to deliver
the air into the lungs.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The larynx is superior to the labeled portion of the respiratory system.
E. Correct!
The label points to the trachea, which is responsible for filtering the incoming air and trapping foreign
particles in mucus.
The respiratory system brings in oxygen through inspired air and moves it into the blood, while removing
carbon dioxide. The nasal cavity functions by filtering, warming and humidifying the inspired air. The
inspired air then passes through the pharynx and into the larynx and trachea. The trachea filters the air
and traps foreign particles in mucus.
Solution
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Question No. 8 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
A 51-year-old female is sent for an abdominal ultrasound because her physician suspects a kidney stone.
Based on the ultrasound study, which of the following statements is correct?
Question #08
A. The kidney was normal and, as expected, was located in the pelvic region.
B. The right ureter showed evidence of inflammation at the entrance point to the urethra.
C. Both ureters were normal where they connected to the bladder.
D. The right urethra showed signs of inflammation.
E. Both the left and right urethra were normal.
A. Incorrect!
The kidneys are in the flank region above the umbilicus.
B. Incorrect!
The ureters do not attach to the urethra.
C. Correct!
The ureters connect the kidneys to the bladder.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
There is only a single urethra in both females and males.
E. Incorrect!
There is only a single urethra in both females and males.
Solution
The urinary system is responsible for eliminating wastes, excess fluid and ions. The urinary system is very
similar in both males and females, except for the fact that the urethra is much shorter in females. The
kidneys produce urine by filtering the blood and removing wastes, fluid and ions. The ureters deliver the
filtrate to the bladder for storage. The last step in the elimination process is passage of the urine through
the urethra and out of the body.
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Question No. 9 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
Planes of section help better localize an observation to a certain specific location. Based on the image
below, which of the following is true?
A
Question #09
A. The plane indicated by the letter A separates the human body into left and right sections.
B. The plane labeled with the letter A is the transverse plane.
C. The plane labeled in the image separates the body into anterior and posterior.
D. The plane labeled is the Sagittal plane.
E. The axial plane is labeled in the image.
A. Incorrect!
The sagittal plane separates the body into left and right sections.
B. Incorrect!
The plane labeled is the coronal plane.
C. Correct!
The plane labeled (the coronal plane) does separate the body into anterior and posterior.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The sagittal plane separates the body into left and right sections.
E. Incorrect!
The axial plane is the same as the transverse plane, which separates the body into cranial or caudal.
Solution
As the body is 3-dimensional, it is necessary to present planes of section to more accurately show the
relationship between parts. Coronal Plane (frontal plane) − separates the body into anterior and
posterior. Transverse Plane (axial plane) − separates the body into cranial or caudal, or head and tail.
Sagittal Plane − separates the body into left and right sections. If the section passes on the midline, it is
known as a midsagittal section.
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Question No. 10 of 10
Instructions: (1) Read the problem statement and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as needed, (3)
Pick the answer, and (4) Review the core concept tutorial as needed.
While writing in a patient’s chart, the resident describes the location of an abnormal finding. Which of the
following statements is correct?
Question #10
A. The patient’s liver is enlarged, although it is still located within the right hypochondriac region, right
lumbar region and the epigastric region.
B. The patient’s stomach, located in the left inguinal region, is normal.
C. The patient’s liver and sigmoid colon are located in the right upper quadrant and are both normal.
D. The large intestine appears normal and in its normal location, the epigastric region in the patient.
E. All the organs in the abdominopelvic quadrants appear normal, except in the right middle quadrant.
A. Correct!
The liver is normally located in both the right hypochondriac region, right lumbar region and the
epigastric region.
B. Incorrect!
The stomach is primarily located in the left upper quadrant but not lower than the umbilical region.
C. Incorrect!
While the liver is located in the right upper quadrant, the sigmoid colon is located in the left lower
quadrant.
Feedback
D. Incorrect!
The intestines are located in the umbilical and hypogastric regions.
E. Incorrect!
The abdominopelvic quadrants are: right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant and
left lower quadrant.
Special regional terms are used in anatomy and in medicine to indicate a specific area of the body. The
abdominal and pelvic areas of the body are divided into quadrants and regions. Shown here are the
quadrants of the abdominopelvic area. This area is labelled as the left and right upper quadrants and the
left and right lower quadrants. Abdominopelvic regions can be used to give a more precise description.
For example, the liver actually spans across both the right hypochondriac region and the epigastric
region.
Solution
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