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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky Anatomical terminology Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2 Levels of Organization of Organisms A. atoms (elements of periodic table) B. molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid) C. cells (epithelial, bone, muscle, nervous) D. tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular) E. organ (stomach, heart, brain, lung) F. organ system (muscular, skeletal, digestive, nervous) G. whole organism (each different species) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Heart Cardiovascular system Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Figure 1.1 Summary of Common prefixes and suffixes 1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency Prefix Meaning Example_________________ Ab- from, away abnormal - away from normal Ad- to, near, toward adrenal - near the kindey Ante- before antepartum - before delivery of child Brady- slow bradycardia - slow heart beat Brev- short brevity - in a short time Circum- around circumocular - around the eye Co- with, together coordinate - work together Con- with, together congenital - with birth Contra- against contraindicated - not indicated Counter- against counterirritant - against irritation Dis- apart from disarticulated - taking a joint apart Ect- outside ectonuclear - outside the nucleus End- within endocardium - lining inner heart Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epi- upon, on top of epidermis - upon the skin Ex- out from exhalation - breathe out Hypo- under, lower hypodermic - under the skin Hyper- above, higher hyperactive - higher level activity Im- not immature - not mature In- not incurable - not curable Infra- under, below infrapatellar - below the knee Peri- around pericardium - sac around the heart Post- after postmortem - after death Pre- before prenatal - before birth Pro- before prognosis - a fore-knowing Super- above, on top superciliary - above the eyebrow Supra- above, on top suprapubic - above the pubic bone Sym- with, together symphony - sounds played together Syn- with, together synarthrosis - union of bones Trans- through, across transurethral - through the urethra Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2. Prefixes Indicating Number and Measurement Prefix Meaning Example____________________________ Uni- one unicycle - one wheel Mono- one mononuclear - one nucleus Bi- two bilateral - two sides Bin- two binocular - two eyes Di- two dicephalic - two heads Ter- three tertiary - the third part or stage Tri- three trilobar - three lobes Quadr- four quadriceps - muscle w four heads Tetra- four tetracylcine - four-ringed molecule Poly- many polydactyly - many digits (more than 5) Oligo- few oligosaccharide - few sugars linked together Micro- small microscope - equipment to view small things Macro- large macrophage - large eating cell Mega- great, enormous megadontia - huge teeth Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things Prefix Meaning Example____________________________ Acoust- sound acoustics - quality of sound Aud- ear, hear audition - to hear someone Abdomin/o abdomen abdominal - relating to the abdomen Acr/o extremity, limbs acromegaly - abnormally large limbs Blast/o early, embryonic blastocyte - embryonic type cell Aden/o gland adenopathy - disease of a gland Angi/o vessel angiogram - picture of a vessel Arthr/o joint arthritis - inflammation of a joint Bucc/o cheek buccolabial - relating to cheek and lip Cardi/o heart cardiology - study of the heart Corp- body corpus callosum - connecting body Chondr/o cartilage chondrocyte - cartilage cell Cephal/o head cephalic - relating to the head Cyst/o bladder cystoscopy - view of the bladder Cyt/o cell cytokinesis - cell movement Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dent/o tooth dental - referring to teeth Dermat/o skin dermatitis - skin inflammation Duoden/o duodenum duodenal - relating to the duodenum Encephal/o brain encephalitis - brain inflammation Gastr/o stomach gastrointestinal - stomach and intestine Hepat/o liver hepatitis - liver inflammation Gloss/o tongue glossopathy - tongue disease Glute- buttocks gluteus minimus - small buttocks muscle Laryng/o larynx laryngitis - larynx inflammation My/o muscle myocardium - heart muscle Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nephr/o kidney nephrologist - one who studies kidneys Neur/o nerve neurosurgeon - surgeon of nervous system Oste/o bone osteocyte - bone cell Ot/o ear otitis media - middle ear inflammation Ophthalm/o eye exophthalmos - eyes bulge out Path/o disease pathological - relating to disease Pneumon/o lung pneumonia - condition of the lung Rhin/o nose rhinoplasty - reform the nose Stomat/o mouth, opening stomatitis - mouth inflammation Thorac/o chest or thorax thoracocentesis - puncture of the thorax Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4. Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents Suffix Meaning Example____________________________ -ac related to cardiac - related to the heart -ious related to contagious - communicable by contact -ic related to pyloric - related to pyloric valve of stomach -ism condition mutism - condition of being mute -osis condition scoliosis - S-shaped condition of backbone -tion condition constipation - constant blockage condition -ist agent (a person) opthalmologist - eye doctor -or agent operator -er agent examiner -ician agent physician Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5. Suffixes Used for Surgical and Operative Terminology Suffix Meaning Example____________________________ -centesis to puncture amniocentesis - puncture the amnion (fluid) -ectomy to cut out and remove appendectomy - cut out & remove appendix -ostomy to cut and form opening colostomy - opening to drain the colon -otomy to cut or slice tracheotomy - cut the trachea -pexy to fix or repair gastropexy - repair the stomach -plasty to reform or repair rhinoplasty - reform the nose -rraphy to suture, sew ateriorraphy - suture an artery -scopy to view otoscope - instrument to view ear Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6. Other Suffixes Used in Anatomy Suffix Meaning Example____________________________ -algia pain neuralgia - nerve pain -cide kill or destroy germicide - substance that kills germs -emia of the blood cholesterolemia - cholesterol in the blood -gram writing or record electrocardiogram - record of heart action -graph recording instrument electrocardiograph - records the heart -itis inflammation appendicitis - appendix inflammation -ology the study of ophthalmology - study of the eye -oma tumor lymphoma - tumor of lymphatics -orrhea flow menorrhea - flow during menstruation -malacia soft osteomalacia - bone softening -phasia speech dysphasia - slurred or blunted speech -phobia fear arachnophobia - fear of spiders Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Start Reading and Studying today! Learn your prefixes and suffixes!!!!! It will make learning anatomy much easier!!!! Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Position Subject stands erect with feet flat on the ground and palms facing forward Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7a Directional Terms 1. superior (cephalic) : inferior (caudal) 2. anterior (ventral) : posterior (dorsal) 3. medial : lateral 4. ipsilateral (same side) : contralateral (opposite) 5. proximal : distal 6. superficial : deep 7. parietal : visceral Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 Directional Terms Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 Regional Terms: Anterior View Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7a Regional Terms: Posterior View Figure 1.7b Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes 1. sagittal - divides into right and left parts a. midsagittal - right down the middle b. parasagittal - away from the midline 2. frontal (coronal) - divides anterior & posterior 3. horizontal (transverse) - divide sup. & inferior Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.8 Body Cavities 1. Dorsal Body Cavity a. cranial cavity (brain) b. vertebral cavity (spinal cord) 2. Ventral Body Cavity (viscera - organs found here) a. thoracic cavity i. pleural cavity (space separating the parietal pleura and visceral pleura of lungs - like balloon pushed in with fist) ii. mediastinum - all contents of thoracic cavity except the lungs (e.g. heart, esophagus, trachea, major vessels) b. abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.9a Body Cavities Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.9b Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae Major serous membranes of the body: pleura – around the lungs pericardium – around the heart peritoneum – around digestive organs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.10a Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.10b Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.11a Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.11b Medical Imaging Techniques A. Classic X-ray : radiography (radiograph) 1. good for dense structures (bones and tumors) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings B. Computed Tomography (CT) [or Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scanning] 1. employs X-ray technology to create clearer image 2. tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, gallstones, etc. 3. Xenon CT – traces blood flow in the brain Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings C. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) 1. employs CT X-ray technology to see organ action/motion 2. measures movement of the heart, lungs, vessels; can indicate abnormality/deformity in structure; tissue damage Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) 1. takes X-ray picture before and after administration of contrast substance to the vessels 2. used to study vessels of the brain and heart to help prevent strokes and heart attacks Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings E. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 1. uses radioisotopes such as Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13 2. effects of drugs, site of molecules, cancer cells 3. very good at studying glucose absorption by neurons in the brain during certain tasks Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings F. Ultrasound (US) 1. uses high frequency sound waves 2. gall stones, pelvic organs, blood flow, fetal development Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1. uses magnetic properties of molecules, not X-rays 2. differentiates tissues based on water content 3. presence of cancer cells, chemical disease of brain, spinal cord disorders, blood flow problems, injury after stroke, measure effects of drugs on tissues 4. used chiefly on soft tissues such as brain & heart Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system Forms the external body covering Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Skeletal system Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments Protects and supports body organs Provides the framework for muscles Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Muscular system Composed of muscles and tendons Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Nervous system Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves Is the fast-acting control system of the body Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular system Composed of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic system Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells involved with immunity Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory system Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Digestive system Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Urinary system Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Male reproductive system Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens Main function is the production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems of the Body Female reproductive system Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Main function is the production of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings