Download Unit #8 Ch. 26 - 30 - Oak Park Unified School District

Ch. 26 Quiz – Period 3
• What animal was hunted to near extinction
during this time?
• What were “Buffalo Soldiers”?
• What tribe did Geronimo lead?
• What Native American chief lead the charge to
defeat General Custer?
• What was the Dawes Act?
Ch. 26 Quiz – Period 5
• What animal was hunted to near extinction during
this time?
• What were “Buffalo Soldiers”?
• What tribe did Geronimo lead?
• What Native American chief lead the charge to
defeat General Custer?
• What was the Dawes Act?
Unit #8
Ch. 26 - 30
Chapter 26
The Great West and the Agricultural
Revolution
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• Utah, Arizona, New Mexico,
and “Indian Territory,” or
Oklahoma
– Areas in which settlers turned
out in record numbers
• A clash of cultures on the plains
– Native Americans numbered
about 360,000 in 1860
– As Whites expand westward
Native Americans are forced to
scatter
• Numbers severely decline
– Buffalo hunted to near extinction
through wholesale butchery by
whites
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• Native Americans are forced onto reservations
• Small pockets of humanitarians advocated for the kind
treatment of the Indians although they had no more respect
for traditional Indian culture than those who sought to
exterminate them
• United States military is sent in to move or exterminate
Native Americans
– “Buffalo Soldiers” were African American soldiers who served in
the United States Calvary
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• Native Americans strike back
– Fetterman Massacre – Sioux war party
attempting to block construction of the
Bozeman Trail
– Massacred and mutilated 81 soldiers
and civilians
– General Custer leads an expedition into
the Black Hills of South Dakota in search
for gold
– The aggrieved Sioux took to the
warpath, inspired by the influential and
wily Sitting Bull
– Custer is completely wiped out by
Sitting Bull’s war party
• One of very few Indian victories in the
Great Plains wars
• United States Military hunts down and
destroys all Native Americans involved
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• Apache tribes led by Geronimo were
the most difficult to subdue (AZ and
NM)
– Apache women were exiled to Florida
ultimately causing the Apache to give
in
– The settled in OK and became
successful farmers
• The Dawes Act – 1887
– Dissolved many tribes as legal entities
– Tried to make rugged individualists of
the Indians
– Wiped out tribal ownership of land
– Promised Indians US citizenship in 25
years
– American culture and religion forced
upon the Native Americans
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• US government outlaws the Indian Sun
(Ghost) dance
– Leads to the Battle of Wounded Knee
• The Gold Rush and cattle drives led to the
importance of “Cowboys”
• Homestead Act
– The new law allowed a settler to acquire as
much as 160 acres of land (a quartersection) by living on it for five years,
improving it, and paying a nominal fee of
about $30
– A drastic departure from previous
government public land policy designed to
raise revenue
– “Sooners” were well armed individuals who
cheated the system by going out to claim
land early
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• After exploring much of the West,
geologist John Wesley Powell warned in
1874 that land west of the 100th meridian
could not be farmed without extensive
irrigation
• In 1890, when the superintendent of the
census announced that a stable frontier
line was no longer discernible, Americans
were disturbed because the idea of an
endlessly open West had been an
element of America’s history from the
beginning
• Western cities like Denver and San
Francisco served as safety valves by
providing home for economically
struggling farmers, miners and easterners
– Most Western cities become safety valves
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• The Farm becomes a factory
– In the last decades of the 19th century the
volume of agricultural goods increased and
the price of these goods decreased
– Farmers were slow to organize and promote
their interest because they were, by nature,
highly independent and individualistic
– Farmers had to specialize in one crop which
presented many problems
• Farmers become extremely unhappy
– The National Grange of the Patrons of
Husbandry— better known as the Grange—
was organized in 1867
• Original purpose was to stimulate selfimprovement through educational and social
activities
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• The Farmers’ Alliance
– Originally formed to break the economic
grip of the railroads through farmers’
cooperatives
– Unfortunately, the Alliance weakened itself
by ignoring the plight of landless tenant
farmers, share- croppers, and farm workers
– Even more debilitating was the Alliance’s
exclusion of blacks, who counted for nearly
half the agricultural population of the South
– Out of the Farmers’ Alliance is born a new
political party known as the Populists
– The severe economic depression of the
1890’s strengthened the Populists’
argument that wage earners and farmers
alike were victims of an oppressive
economic system
Expanding Into the Great Plains
• Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike
– Jacob Coxey marches on Washington DC to
fight for the rights of the unemployed
– The Pullman Palace Car Company was hit
hard by depression
– The workers finally struck—in some places
overturning Pullman cars—and paralyzed
railway traffic
– Grover Cleveland sends in federal troops to
break up the strike on the grounds that it
was preventing the transit of US mail
• Richard Olney – US attorney general who
brought in federal troops to crush the strike
• Eugene V. Debs – Head of the American Railway
Union that organized the strike
• George Pullman – Owner of the “palace railroad
car” company and the company town where the
strike began
• John P. Altgeld – Governor of Illinois who
sympathized with the striking workers
Election of 1896
• Republican William McKinley defeats
Democrat William Jennings Bryan
– Major issue of the Election of 1896 was the
free and unlimited coinage of silver
– Populists supported Bryan which essentially
had them abandoning their identity
– Populists who stayed true to their colors
supported Mark Hanna because they feared
the radicalism of William Jennings Bryan
and his free silver cause
– The outcome was a resounding victory for
big business, the big cities, middle-class
values, and financial conservatism
– The 1896 election marked the last time a
serious effort to win the White House would
be made with mostly agrarian votes
– Bryan goes on to lose three presidential
elections
Ch. 27 Quiz – Period 3
• What is Yellow Journalism?
• What valuable crop was our main reason for
involvement in Hawaii and Cuba?
• What did the Teller Amendment guarantee?
• Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?
• What did the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty give the US?
Ch 27 Quiz – Period 5
• What is Yellow Journalism?
• What country did the “Rough Riders” campaigns
take place in?
• In what harbor did the USS Maine explode?
• Who was McKinley’s Vice President in the election
of 1900?
• What valuable crop was our main reason for
involvement in Hawaii and Cuba?
Empire and Expansion
• Several small but dangerous
internal problems were
developing in the US during the
1890’s (what did it show?)
• A conflict with Germany over the
Samoan Islands
• A near-war with Italy over the
lynching of Italians in New
Orleans
• The Valparaiso crisis with Chile
over the killing of two Americans
• Seal Hunting conflict with Canada
off the coast of Alaska
America and Britain- “Patting the
Eagle’s Head”
Empire and Expansion
• American foreign policy shifts towards
Imperialism due to the need for overseas
markets for increased industrial and
agricultural production
• “Yellow Journalism” runs rampant
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
described foreign exploits as manly adventures
• Reverend Josiah Strong’s “Our Country: Its
Possible Future and Its Present Crisis”
• Preached that we needed to go over seas and
harvest more souls
• Americans like Theodore Roosevelt and
Congressman (later Senator) Henry Cabot
Lodge were interpreting Darwinism to mean
that the earth belonged to the strong and the
fit—that is, to Uncle Sam
• An new aggressive national view was taking
over politics
Empire and Expansion
• Hawaii had valuable sugar plantations
• US business people import Chinese and
Japanese workers to Hawaii
• At the height of this movement the
immigrants outnumbered native Hawaiians
• Sugar markets went sour in 1890 when the
McKinley Tariff raised barriers against the
Hawaiian product
• Plantation owners pushed for the
annexation of Hawaii
• They were blocked by the strong-willed
Queen Liliuokalani, who insisted that native
Hawaiians should control the islands
• A successful revolt took place early in 1893,
openly assisted by American troops, who
landed under the unauthorized orders of the
expansionist American minister in Honolulu
• Grover Cleveland opposed annexation which
postponed the movement until 1898
Empire and Expansion
• Cubans rise in revolt against their
Spanish ‘oppressors’
• Sugar was important here as well
• William Randolph Hearst sent the
gifted artist Frederic Remington to
Cuba to draw sketches saying: “You
furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the
war.”
• In 1898 the USS Maine was sent to
evacuate Americans should an
uprising occur
• Mysteriously the Maine was blown up
• Spain was blamed for this but in all
reality it was an internal explosion
• The USS Maine was used as propaganda
against Spain
• The Teller Amendment guaranteed
that the United States would support
Cuban independence after Spain was
ousted
Empire and Expansion
• Dewey’s May Day Victory in Manila
• Teddy Roosevelt, assistant to the secretary
John D. Long, took matters into his own
hand and sends George Dewey to descend
upon Spain’s Philippines in the event of war
• Dewey’s fleet destroys the Spanish fleet
• Filipino insurgents commanded by their
well-educated, part-Chinese leader, Emilio
Aguinaldo and American troops seize Manila
• Emilio Aguinaldo will later lead a revolution
against the US
• A joint resolution of annexation was rushed
through Congress and approved by
McKinley on July 7, 1898. It granted
Hawaiian residents U.S. citizenship; Hawaii
received full territorial status in 1900
John Hay- “Splendid Little War”
• Confused invasion of Cuba
• Due to the invasion of the Philippines
Spain sends a fleet to Cuba
• “Rough Riders” commanded by Colonel
Leonard Wood but led by Teddy
Roosevelt who resigned from the Naval
Department
• United States invades Puerto Rico and
meets little resistance from Spain
• Spain and US meet in Paris
• Treaty of Paris gives the United States
control of Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippine
Islands and Manila
• This leads to a minority viewpoint of
anti-imperialism in Congress
• In the end the seductiveness of
Imperialism wins out
Empire and Expansion
• Platt Amendment
• Cuba could not sign treaties that compromised
their independence
• Really an excuse for the United States to have
the most influence in Cuba
• The success of the Spanish-American War gives
Americans a thirst for more conquest
• Filipinos assumed they would be given their
independence like the Cubans
• US keeps troops in the Philippines
• Aguinaldo leads the revolution against the US
• The Americans broke the back of the Filipino
insurrection in 1901, when they cleverly
infiltrated a guerrilla camp and captured
Aguinaldo
• 4,234 Americans and as many as 600,000
Filipinos died in the later months of fighting
• Torture and atrocities occur on both sides
Empire and Expansion
• Open Door Policy with China
• Used to promote free trade
• Patriotic Chinese did not care to be
used as a doormat by the Western
powers.
• In 1900 a super-patriotic group,
known as the “Boxers” for their
training in the martial arts, broke
loose with the cry, “Kill Foreign
Devils”
• They murdered more than two
hundred foreigners and thousands of
Chinese Christians
• A rescue force gets the remaining
Americans out
Empire and Expansion
• McKinley wins election of
1900 with Teddy Roosevelt
as VP (“P&P”)
• William Jennings Bryan
loses again
• McKinley wins due to the
prosperity of Americans
during his first term
• McKinley murdered six
months into Presidency
• Roosevelt takes over with
the slogan, “Speak softly
and carry a big stick, [and]
you will go far”
• Believed the President may
take any action in the
general interest that is not
specifically forbidden by the
laws of the Constitution
Empire and Expansion
• Panama Canal built
• Given to the US in the Hay-Bunau-Varilla
Treaty
• Teddy Roosevelt’s aggressive involvement
in the Panamanian Revolt had the general
effect of increasing anti-American
sentiment in Latin America
• Roosevelt feared that if the Germans or
British got their foot in the door as bill
collectors, they might remain in Latin
America, in flagrant violation of the
Monroe Doctrine
• He therefore declared a brazen policy
of “preventive intervention,” better
known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine
• Many foreign nations begin to resent
the US
Empire and Expansion
• Teddy Roosevelt signs
a secret Gentlemen’s
Agreement with Japan
in 1907-1908 which
caused Japan to halt
the flow of laborers to
the US in return for a
repeal of racist school
decrees by the SF
school board
Ch 28 Quiz – Period 3
• What is a “Muckraker”?
• What happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist
Company?
• What is the 17th Amendment?
• What does “Trust Buster” mean? (you better write
more than, “someone who busts trusts)
• Who wins the election of 1908?
Ch 28 Quiz – Period 5
• Who coined the term “Muckraker”?
• What is the 18th Amendment?
• What does “Trust Buster” mean? (you better write
more than, “someone who busts trusts)
• What industry did Upton Sinclair’s novel “The
Jungle” take on?
• What happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist
Company?
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• 76 Million Americans in 1900
• Henry Demarest Lloyd writes
“Wealth Against Commonwealth”
• Thorstein Veblen writes “The
Theory of the Leisure Class”
• Both are critical of big business and
predatory wealth
• Progressivism was a movement
away from the laissez-faire
policies of the previous 25 years
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• Socialists from Europe start to gain
momentum with each passing vote
• Several Christian groups adopt
socialism pointing out scripture that
argues for providing help to the
poor
• The real heart of the Progressive
movement was the effort by
reformers to use the government as
and agency of human welfare
• The religious movement that was
closely linked to Progressivism was
the Social Gospel
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• “Muckrakers” competed with each
other to find corruption and scandal
• The Muckrakers signified much about
the nature of the Progressive reform
movement because they trusted in
publicity to reform capitalism rather
than overthrow the system completely
• Most Muckrakers believed that their
primary function in the Progressive
attack on social ills was to make the
public aware of social problems
• At first Teddy Roosevelt was not a fan of
the Muckrakers but later uses them as a
source for future policy making
• Progressive reformers were mainly
middle-class men and women
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• The leading Progressive
organization advocating prohibition
of liquor was the Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
• Also pushed for Woman’s Suffrage,
prevention of child labor in factories,
ensuring that food products were
healthy and safe, eliminating
tuberculosis in the slums and creating
child care subsidies for working
mothers
• Appalled by the Triangle Shirtwaist
Company fire in 1911
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• Progressives pushed for the direct
election of State Senators
• Felt that Congress was a
“Millionaires” club
• 17th Amendment institutes the
direct election of Senators
• According to Progressives the cure
for all of American democracy’s ills
was more democracy
• 18th Amendment abolishes
alcohol in 1919
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• Muller v Oregon
• Supreme Court upholds that female
workers require special rules and
protections on the job
• Progressive reform at the level of city
government seemed to indicate that the
Progressives’ highest priority was
governmental efficiency
• Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal for labor
• control of the corporations, consumer
protection, and conservation of natural
resources
• Upton Sinclair’s publishes his novel “The
Jungle” in 1906 exposing the heinous
conditions of the Meat Packing Industry
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• The Square Deal for labor received
its acid test in 1902, when a
crippling strike broke out in the
anthracite coal mines of
Pennsylvania
• Teddy Roosevelt was annoyed by
the “extraordinary stupidity and
bad temper” of the “woodenheaded gentry” who operated the
mines. As he later confessed, if it
had not been for the dignity of his
high office, he would have taken
one of them “by the seat of the
breeches” and “chucked him out of
the window”
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• Roosevelt finally resorted to his
trusty big stick when he
threatened to seize the mines
and operate them with federal
troops. Faced with this firsttime-ever threat to use federal
bayonets against capital, rather
than labor
• Keenly aware of the mounting
antagonisms between capital
and labor, Roosevelt urged
Congress to create the new
Department of Commerce and
Labor
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• Roosevelt the “Trust Buster”
• Believed there were good trusts
and bad trusts
• Teddy Roosevelt believed that
large corporate trusts were bad
only if they acted as monopolies
against the public interest
• 1904 – The Teddy Bear is
named after Roosevelt after a
story of him saving a bear cub
• Roosevelt harder on
corporations in his second
term
• Also declares he would not seek
a third term
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• The Panic of 1907 exposed the need
for substantial reform in US banking
and currency policies
• Conservationists generally believed
that the environment could be
effectively protected without shutting
it off to human use
• National Park system developed
• During Teddy Roosevelt’s Presidency
•
•
•
•
Expansion of Presidential Power
Shaped the Progressive Movement
Shaped Conservationism
Made the Federal Gov’t a neutral force
between labor and business
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• 1908 Election – Taft vs. Bryan (again)
• Eugene Debs receives 400,000 votes from the socialist party
• Roosevelt condemned socialism- called it ‘ominous.’
• Taft wins and promotes foreign investment which gets the
nickname “dollar diplomacy”
• Taft turns out to be an even bigger trust buster than Roosevelt
• Attacks Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
• Supreme Court uses rule of reason in its anti-trust laws – Starts with
Standard Oil
• Goes on to attack the Steel Industry
• In retirement Roosevelt condemns this
Progressivism and the Republican
Roosevelt
• Taft splits the Republican party
• Roosevelt is so upset with Taft that he tells 7 states that
he will run for a third Presidential term in 1912
• At the Republican Convention in Chicago Taft wins more
delegate votes
• Roosevelt decides to run as a third party candidate
Ch 29 Place marker
Ch 30 Quiz – Period 3
• Why did Russia withdraw from WWI?
• Why did American orchestras stop playing
Wagner and Beethoven?
• What did the slogan, “Work or Fight” mean?
• What is a “Doughboy”?
• The leaders of what four countries met at the
Paris Peace Conference? (must name all of
them and don’t name more than four)
Ch 30 Quiz – Period 5
• What was George Creel’s role in the Wilson
Presidency?
• Why did Russia withdraw from WWI?
• The leaders of what four countries met at the
Paris Peace Conference? (must name all of
them and don’t name more than four)
• Why did Eugene Debs get ten years in prison?
• What is the 19th Amendment?
The War to End War
• Yellow Journalism with the sinking of the
Lusitania
• Zimmerman Note
– Germany’s letter to Mexico stating that if
Mexico helped Germany in WWI they would
in turn help Mexico take back Texas, New
Mexico, and Arizona after the war
• 1917 – US and a reluctant Woodrow Wilson
announce they will be joining the war effort
– Had to convince congress to approve this
– Wilson did so by declaring, “to make the
world safe for democracy”
• Germany reacts by declaring unrestricted
submarine warfare
• Lenin helps overthrow the Tsar regime in Russia
– The US now sees this as an opportunity to
spread democracy as well
•
•
The
War
to
End
War
Wilson’s lays out his 14 points plan
– A proposal to abolish secret treaties
– Freedom of the seas
– A removal of economic barriers among nations
– Reduction of armament burdens
– An adjustment of colonial claims
– A formation of a League of Nations
George Creel and his Committee on Public Information
– Goal was to sell the war and Wilson’s 14 points to the
American public
• American Propagandist
– Oversells Wilson’s ideals which led Americans to
expect too much
– Anti-German sentiment sets in
• Orchestra’s stop playing Wagner, Beethoven and
all other German music
• German books are banned
• Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of
1918 are passed
The War to End War
• The two groups that suffered most from the violation
of civil liberties during WWI were German Americans
and social radicals
– Eugene Debs convicted to 10 years in prison for
his socialist ideas
• Mobilization for the War
– Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on
voluntary compliance
– Most of the money raised to finance WWI came
on behalf of loans from the American public
– In an effort to make economic mobilization more
efficient during WWI the federal government
took over the railroads
– “Work or Fight” – Federal government tells war
eligible males that they need to work or they will
be drafted
The War to End War
• The WWI military draft worked fairly and
effectively
– All men 18-45 were eligible
• Military draft of WWI differed from that of
the Civil War because you couldn’t
purchase a substitute or buy your way out
• Despite precautions, some 337,000
“slackers” escaped the draft, and about
4,000 conscientious objectors were
excused
• Within a few months the US military
grows to over 4 million men
• Anti-German sentiment and the Feminist
movement fuel the passage of the 18th
Amendment
– Most beer brewers were German
The War to End War
• Inflation runs rampant
– Prices double from 1914 to 1920
• Labor strikes
– 6000 strikes break out from 1914 to 1920
– The steel strike becomes the largest strike in
American history
• African Americans are brought in from
the South but they are met with much
hostility from Northern whites
• A race riot erupts in Chicago
• Strike is won by companies setting the
union movement back by more than a
decade
• 19th Amendment gives women the right to vote
– Following the path of Germany and Britain
The War to End War
• Recruits were supposed to receive six months of
training in America and two more months overseas
• So great was the urgency that many doughboys were
swept swiftly into battle scarcely knowing how to
handle a rifle, much less a bayonet
– American soldiers were a great morale boost for
allied nations
• The Bolsheviks removal of Russia from the
“Capitalistic” war (1917) stressed the urgency for
Americans to join
• Germany was gaining the upper hand in France
moving the front within 40 miles of Paris
• The Americans help the French stop the German
offensive which ultimately results in German
surrender
The War to End War
• Germans seek peace through Wilson’s 14 points
plan
– Kaiser Wilhelm is forced to flee to Holland
• The United States’ main contributions to the
ultimate victory had been foodstuffs, munitions,
credits, oil for this first mechanized war, and
manpower—but not battlefield victories
• The Yanks fought only two major battles, at St. Mihiel
and the Meuse-Argonne, both in the last two months
of the four-year war
• It was the prospect of endless US troop reserves,
rather than America’s actual military performance,
that eventually demoralized the Germans and
convinced them that the war was unwinnable
• Germany is forced to sign their armistice on a
railroad car
– A German soldier by the name of Adolf Hitler does not forget
this
The War to End War
• Paris Peace conference
– The Big Four:
• Wilson (USA) Premier Vittorio Orlando
(Italy) Prime Minister David Lloyd George
(UK) Premier Georges Clemenceau (France)
– Primary difference between Wilson and
the parliamentary statesman in Paris
was that Wilson did not command a
legislative majority at home
– Wilson’s ultimate goal in Paris was to
establish the League of Nations
– Wilson also sought to:
• Prevent seizure of territory by the
victors
• National self-determination
• Free trade and free seas
The War to End War
• The Treaty of Versailles
– Nearly all of Wilson’s 14 points are shot down
– Woodrow Wilson doesn’t compromise on the
League of Nations and the senate doesn’t
allow the US to
• Ultimately leads to its collapse
• Senate argues that the League of Nations
robbed Congress of its war-declaring
powers
• The major weakness of the League of
Nations was the fact that the US was not
included
– Treaty is so one sided that it leads to German
sympathy and ultimately WWII
– Warren G. Harding wins the 1920 election
setting up the most corrupt Presidency in US
history