Download Digestive system

Functional anatomy
of alimentary
(digestive)
system
Alimentary system
is a collection of organs
which provide mechanical
and chemical digestion of
food, absorption of nutrients
into blood and lymph and
excretion of feces
Alimentary system organs
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Parts of small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Parts of large intestine
Transverse
colon
Ascending
colon
Descending
colon
Caecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
mouth
anus
fauces
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Lingual papillae
Taste sensation of tongue
Parotid
gland
Sublingual
gland
Submandibular gland
Parodontium includes:
periodontal fibres, jawbone, gum and dental root
Permanent
teeth
2.1.2.3
Deciduous
teeth
2.1.0.2
Upper right
quadrant
Upper left
quadrant
Lower right
quadrant
Lower left
quadrant
Total length
of digestive tract
is about 10 m
Pharynx
(12-15 cm)
Oesophagus
(25-30 cm)
Small intestine
(6 – 7 m)
Large intestine
(1,5 – 2 m)
VI cervical vertebra
X-XI thoracic vertebra
I lumbar vertebra
Epigastrium
Mesogastrium
Hypogastrium
The digestive organs
Hollow
Parenchymatous
1.Pharynx;
2.Oesophagus;
3.Stomach;
4.Small intestine;
5.Large intestine
6. Gallbladder
1.Salivary glands;
2.Liver;
3.Pancreas
Hollow
Other organs
Parenchymatous
1.Urinary bladder;
1.Spleen;
2.Uterus;
2.Lungs;
3.Ureter;
3.Testes;
4.Deferent duct;
4.Prostate
5.Uterine tube
5.Endocrine glands
Structure of hollow organs
Serous
layer
Muscular
layer
Mucous layer
Structure of hollow organs
Mucous layer
Muscular layer
Serous
(or adventitial)
layer
Structure of mucosa
Epithelium
Lymphatic
follicle
Lamina propria
Lamina
muscularis
Submucous
layer
Glands
Oral mucosa
Gastric mucosa
Gastric pits
Simple columnar
epithelium
Intestinal mucosa
Villus
Simple columnar
epithelium
Mucosa
of colon
Crypt
Simple columnar
epithelium
Muscular layer in
oesophagus
Circular layer
Longitudinal layer
Muscular layer in
stomach
Muscular layer in
small intestine
Muscular layer in
large intestine
Haustra
Taenia
Cardiac
(lower oesophageal)
sphincter
ileocaecal
valve
ileocaecal
orifice
Visceral
peritoneum
Greater
omentum
Parietal
peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
space
Mesentery
Peritoneal
cavity
Relatively to the peritoneum
the organs can be divided into:
Intraperitoneal
Mesoperitoneal
Extraperitoneal
Intraperitoneal organs
1.Stomach
5. Caecum with appendix
2.Spleen
6. Transverse colon
3.Jejunum
7. Sigmoid colon
4.Ileum
8. Upper rectum
Mesoperitoneal organs
1.Liver
5. Uterus
2.Gallbladder
6. Full urinary bladder
3.Ascending
colon
8. Middle rectum
4.Descending
colon
Extraperitoneal organs
1.Pancreas
4. Empty urinary
bladder
2.Duodenum
5. Kidneys
3.Lower
rectum
6. Suprarenal glands
Structure of hollow organs
Serous
(or adventitial) Muscular
layer
layer
Mucous layer
Structure of parenchymatous organs
- consist of glandular tissue
- have no lumen inside
The smallest parts of the parenchymatous organs,
bounded by connective-tissue frame
and surrounded by their own blood stream,
are called structural and functional units.
In the liver
the structural and functional unit
is hepatic lobule
In the pancreas
the structural and
functional unit
is pancreatic acinus
Liver segmentation
I Caudate lobe
II Superolateral segment
of left lobe
III Inferolateral segment of left lobe
IV Medial segment of right lobe
V Anteroinferior segment of right lobe
VI Posteroinferior segment of right lobe
VII Posterosuperior segment of right lobe
VII Anterosuperior segment of right lobe
Development of digestive system: stage of 20 days
Development of digestive system: stage of 20 days
neural tube
chorda
celom
mesoderm
ectoderm
entoderm
Derivatives of ectoderm
1. enamel
2. salivary glands
ectoderm
Derivatives of ectoderm
1. epithelium
2. glands (liver, pancreas)
entoderm (primitive gut)
Derivatives of mesoderm
splanchnopleura
1. mucosa
2. submucous layer
3. muscular layer
4. serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
splanchnopleura
Derivatives of mesoderm
somatopleura
somatopleura
parietal peritoneum
Development of digestive system: stage of 30 days
pharynx
oesophagus
stomodeum
stomach
yolk stalk
allantois
liver
midgut
proctodeum
cloaca
hindgut
Development of digestive system: stage of 35 days
cerebral
and neural tubes
chorda
trachea
oesophagus
stomach
liver
midgut
coelom
(peritoneal cavity)
hindgut
heart
allantois
yolk stalk
cloaca
rectum
Division of the primitive gut into the parts
Foregut
descending
limb
Midgut
umbilical
(yolk) loop
Hindgut
ascending
limb
Division of the primitive gut into the parts
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Oesophagus, stomach,
descending part of duodenum
Small intestine (from descending limb);
Caecum,ascending colon,
transverse colon (from descending limb)
Descending colon, sigmoid colon
rectum
Development of mesenteries
stomach
liver
spleen
ventral
mesentery
pancreas
Falciform ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
dorsal
mesentery
Greater omentum
Mesentery of small intestine
Sigmoid mesocolon
The twist of gut tube: stage of 5 weeks
I branchial arch
-the walls of the oral cavity
(including maxilla
and mandible)
-lips
- masticatory muscles
II branchial arch
-hyoid bone
- mimic muscles