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Exploration and Expansion
Voyages of Discovery
Main Idea
During the 1400s
and 1500s
European
explorers—inspired
by greed, curiosity,
and the desire for
glory, and aided by
new technologies—
sailed to many
previously unknown
lands.
Section 1
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Foundations of Exploration
• Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe
• Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery
• Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration
Drive to Explore
Advance Tech
The Explorers
• Search for wealth
• Faster routes to Asia
• Fame, glory, and
honor
• Spread Christian faith
• Curiosity and
adventure
• New navigation
systems
• Improved shipbuilding
• Larger cargo
• Swifter caravel ship
• Portugal – Sir Henry,
de Gama
• Spain – Columbus,
Magellan
• England – Drake,
Hudson
• France – Cartier
• Dutch
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Explorers and their Routes
Chapter 16, section 1, pages 472-473
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Section 2
Conquest and Colonies
Main Idea
The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they
had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently
conquering the native people who lived there.
Reading Like a Historian
• Passages from student activity toolkit
• Primary source from page 80
• Recruiting pamphlet from page 82
• How did the European drive for colonies effect the native
people of the Americas?
Exploration and Expansion
Section 2
Building Empires
• Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands
• Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas
• Consequences for Native Peoples
Spain in Caribbean
Portugal in Brazil
• First areas settled
• Difficult to settle
• Introduced
encomienda
system
• Treaty of
Tordesillas limited
territory
• Conquistadors
looked to mainland
• Viceroys ruled for
King
North America
• French traders
establish Canada
• Dutch set up trade
in Northeast
• British settlers
along the east
coast
Exploration and Expansion
Section 2
Exploration and Expansion
Section 2
Section 3
Exploration and Expansion
New Patterns of Trade
• Colonies in the Americas led to the exchange of new types of goods, new
patterns of trade, and new economic systems in Europe.
• Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of
plants, animals, and disease—the Columbian Exchange.
The Exchange of Goods
Sharing Discoveries
• Plants, animals developed in very
different ways in hemispheres
• Arrival of Europeans in Americas
changed all this
• Europeans—no potatoes, corn,
sweet potatoes, turkeys
• Previously unknown foods taken
back to Europe
• People in Americas—no coffee,
oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle
• Familiar foods brought to Americas
by colonists
The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant
development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse
provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.
Exploration and Expansion
Section 3
Section 3
Exploration and Expansion
New Economic Ideas
Mercantilism
• Possible because of colonial
resources
• More places to sell goods
• Governments could provide
subsidies to help start new
industry
• Competition for new (and
between) colonies
• New economic classes and
move toward cities
Capitalism
• Activities carried out by
individuals in order to gain profit
• Overseas trade made
merchants rich and powerful
• New business investments
• Creation of joint stock
companies
• Rising prices and supply of
money
Exploration and Expansion
Section 3
Exploration and Expansion
Section 4
Origins of the Slave Trade
• Slavery has existed in many parts of the world
• People forced into slavery came from different walks of life
• Farmers, merchants, priests, soldiers, or musicians; fathers and
mothers, sons and daughters.
Beginnings
• Shortage of labor in
Americas led to
beginning of
Atlantic slave trade
Native Americans
• Planters first used
Native Americans;
European diseases
killed millions
• European planters
needed workers on
sugar, tobacco
plantations
• 1600s, used
indentured servants
• Expensive to
support workers
African Slaves
• Millions forcibly
taken to Americas
• Most from coast of
West Africa
• Some exchanged
for firearms, goods
• Others kidnapped
on raids by traders
Exploration and Expansion
Section 4
Trade Network
Captured Africans became part of network called
the triangular trade
• First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to
Africa to be exchanged for slaves
• Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to
Americas to be sold
• Third leg carried American products to Europe
• Some slave traders from Americas sailed directly to
Africa, not following triangular route
Exploration and Expansion
Section 4
Section 4
Exploration and Expansion
Middle Passage
Ordeal
• Middle Passage, terrifying ordeal
• Captive Africans chained together,
forced into dark, cramped quarters
below ship’s decks
• Could neither sit nor stand
• Journey lasted three to six weeks,
ten to twenty percent did not
survive
Horrific Conditions
• Olaudah Equiano wrote about
conditions on slave ship:
• “The stench of the hold…was so
intolerably loathsome, that it was
dangerous to remain there for any
time…
• “The shrieks of the women, and the
groans of the dying, rendered the
whole scene of horror almost
inconceivable.”
Exploration and Expansion
Section 4
Exploration and Expansion
Section 4
Exploration and Expansion
Section 4
Exploration and Expansion
Section 4
The Impact of the Columbian Exchange on
Europe and the Americas
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