Download respiratory tract poisons - Junagadh Municipal Corporation

WELCOME
SUBJECT :- BREATHING APPARATUS
TOPIC :- IMPORTANCE OF BREATHING
APPARATUS AS A PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
NAME :- ABHILASH K.R.
ROLL NO. : 2304
66TH STATION OFFICERS & INSTRUCTORS COURSE,
NATIONAL FIRE SERVICE COLLEGE
NAGPUR - 440001
AIM
Definition and use of Breathing apparatus
 Respiration
 Routes of entry of toxic substances in to human
body
 Conditions that require respiratory protection
 Ill effects of toxic environment to human body
 Donning procedure of Breathing apparatus

DEFINITION
Breathing apparatus is one of the most
important personal protective equipment used
by the fire and rescue services personals all
over the world.
 It can be defined as the device which supplies
breathable air or oxygen to the wearer as per
his
requirement
irrespective
of
the
atmosphere.

USES
Used in fire incidents to carry out operations such
as
 Offensive fire attack
 Removal of the victims
 Search and rescue
 Ventilation
 Overhaul
USED IN NON FIRE INCIDENTS SUCH AS
Around hazardous materials in conjunction with
full body protective suit
 Confined space rescue
 Under water rescue (SCUBA)

RESPIRATION

Breathing or respiration is a spontaneous
action by which human beings consumes
oxygen which includes the dual process of
inhalation in which oxygen is taken in and
exhalation in which carbondioxide is discharged
out.
COMPOSITION OF AIR INHALED AND EXHALED
GAS
INHALED
EXHALED
Nitrogen
79.04%
79.04%
Oxygen
20.93%
16.93%
Carbon dioxide
0.03%
4.03%
This shows that the same concentration of
oxygen is absorbed and the same
concentration
of
carbondioxide
is
discharged in each breathing which is about
4%
RESPIRATION TYPES
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
 Here the oxygen in the inhaled air enters the blood
and carbondioxide in the blood leaves the lung.
This takes place at the lung interphase.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
 This takes place at the cell interphase. Here the
oxygen from the blood is received by the individual
cells and in turn
the carbondioxide waste
products are picked up by the blood.
CHART OF BREATHING DETAILS

The rate of consumption of oxygen or air and
the rate of respiration depend upon the degree
of exertion of the human body as follows
Degree of exertion Number of
Air consumed
respiration/ minute in litre/minute
Rest in bed
15
7.5
Rest in standing
17
10.5
Walking
20-25
12.5
Running
30
20
Moderate walking
60
30
Heavy working
80
40
The table shows that as the degree of exertion increases the
rate of breathing and also the air consumed increases
PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UPPER RESPIATORY TRACT
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Bronchi
 Bronchioli
 Alveoli

RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS

Human respiratory tract poisons are classified
based on their effect on the respiratory system
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS
SUBSTANCE
EFFECT
Sulphur dioxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Nitrogen dioxide
Irritation
In the
Respiratory
Tract
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS
SUBSTANCE
EFFECT
Hydrogen cyanide
Inhibit cellular oxidation
Hydrogen sulphide
Paralyses respiratory centre
Chlorine
Produces toxic substances
in the lungs
Do
Phosgene
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
The four primary routes of exposure of toxic
substances in to the human body are.
Respiratory
 Absorption
 Ingestion
 Injection

RESPIRATORY

Absorption through
respiratory tract via
inhalation
ABSORPTION

Absorption
through the
skin via
dermal contact
INGESTION

Absorption
through
digestive tract
via ingestion
INJECTION

Introducing
the material
directly in to
the blood
stream
POINT TO NOTE

The route that most commonly causes health
hazard is the respiratory system and this
takes place through the inhalation of toxic
substances. The respiratory system of the
human body is most vulnerable to injury
especially from the toxic conditions
encountered during fire fighting operations.
Hence it might be protected.
CONDITIONS THAT REQUIRE RESPIRATARY
PROTECTION
The four conditions that are found commonly at
a fire or other emergency incidents that
require respiratory protection are
OXYGEN DEFICIENCY
 ELEVATED TEMPARATURE
 SMOKE OR UNBURNT PRODUCTS OF
COMBUSTION
 TOXIC ENVIRONMENT

OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERE
Fire consumes oxygen and produces toxic
gases that may displace or dilute the available
oxygen.
 When the oxygen concentration in the
atmosphere falls below 19.5% it is known as
oxygen deficient atmosphere.
 Decreased
oxygen
causes
mascular
impairment mental confusion and death.

EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA
OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION
21%
19.5%
17%
12%
9%
7% - 6%
SYMPTOMS
Normal
OSHA definition of Oxygen
deficiency
Increased respiratory Rate,
muscular Impairment
Dizziness, headache and
rapid fatigue
unconsciousness
Death with in a few Minutes
ELEVATED TEMPARATURE
The respiratory system of the human body is
extremly delicate and sensitive to elevated
temperature.
 Inhalation
of heated gases may cause
accumulation of fluid in the lungs leading to a
condition known as pulmonary edema and may
cause death due to asphyxiation.
 The damage caused by heated air or gas is long
term and is not reversible by treatment of fresh
cool air.

SMOKE
Smoke is a combination of unburnt products of
combustion, carbon particles, tar and
associated gases.
 Inhalation of these products make breathing
difficulty, coughing, burning sensation in the
chest and throat and irritation in the eyes and
respiratory tract.
 Smoke also reduces the visibility.

TOXIC ENVIRONMENT

Combustion produces toxic gases and irritants that affect
the fire fighters working in hazardous environment and
cause short term and long term effect
GAS
TOXOLOGICAL PRODUCED BY
CONCENTRTION
EFFECT
INPPM(IDLH)
Carbondioxide Displace oxygen Free burning
40000
Carbon
Displace oxygen Incomplete
1200-1500
monoxide
combustion
Hydrogen
Chemical
Wool,Silk,Nylon,
50
cyanide
asphyxiant
Polyurethane
Hydrogen
Respiratory
Pvc, Building
50
chloride
irritant
materials, Furnishings
Nitrogen
Pulmonary
Small quantity from
20
dioxide
irritant
fabric
Large quantity from
cellulose nitrate
Phosgene
Poison
Burning refrigerants
25
CARBON MONOXIDE
It is one of the most important lethal gases
found in a fire.
 It is a colourless odourless gas produced during
the incomplete combustion or in areas of poor
ventilation.

ACTION OF CARBONMONOXIDE
In the human body oxygen in the blood is
bound to haemoglobin which is contained in
the red blood cells.
 When carbonmonoxide is inhaled it combines
itself with the haemoglobin of the red blood
cells to form carboxyhaemoglobin and there by
prevent oxygen being combining with red blood
cells which leads to hypoxia followed by death.
 Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin
about 218 times easier than oxygen.

SYMPTOMS OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
SYMPTOMS
CONCENTRATION
IN PPM (IDLH)
Mild headache
Headache,Nausea
Unconsciousness after one hour
Ten minute exposure Dizziness,
Nausea
1000
1300
1500
3200
Fatal less than one hour exposure
4000
Danger of death one to three
minutes
10000
CONCLUSION
The above mentioned conditions can be found
separately or combined in a fire incident.
Therefore to avoid breathing from such
hostile environment fire fighters should be
provided with a device known as BREATHING
APPARARATUS.
DONNING PROCEDURE
Two methods
 The overhead method
 The coat method
OVER THE HEAD METHOD
A) Place the apparatus before the
wearer with cylinder valve pointing
towards the wearer.
B) General check up
C : Grasp the back plate with both
hands. Harness straps should
be outside of your hands.
E : Balance the unit on your back
by leaning forward, and tighten
D : Lift the back plate/cylinder
COAT METHOD
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