Download The Audience - Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre

THE AUDIENCE
By Peter Morgan
A co-production with Mirvish Productions
The Audience was revived at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre, New York, on March 8, 2015,
presented by Matthew Byam Shaw, Robert Fox, and Andy Harries.
The Audience was revived at the Apollo Theatre, London, 2015, presented by
Matthew Byam Shaw, Robert Fox, and Andy Harries.
The Audience is presented by special arrangement with Dramatists Play Service, Inc., New York.
STUDY GUIDE
Created by Morgan Gregory and Anne-Marie Hanson
CONTENTS
THEATRE ETIQUETTE ..................................................................................................................................... 3
THE PLAY ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
TIMELINE: HISTORICAL AND DRAMATIC ....................................................................................................... 5
THE PRIME MINISTERS .................................................................................................................................. 6
THE BRITISH SOVEREIGN ............................................................................................................................... 7
AFTER THE AUDIENCE ................................................................................................................................... 8
GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................................................... 10
ACTIVITIES & DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................... 12
THE AUDIENCE: A CLOSER LOOK ............................................................................................................. 12
HISTORICAL ACCURACY AND RESPONSIBILITY .................................................................................... 12
POWER AND AUTHORITY .................................................................................................................... 12
STRUCTURE ......................................................................................................................................... 12
COSTUMES .......................................................................................................................................... 12
CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................................................ 13
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC .......................................................................................................................... 13
ON YOUR OWN ................................................................................................................................... 13
FURTHER STUDY: ELECTRONIC SOURCES.................................................................................................... 13
FURTHER STUDY: PRINT AND FILM SOURCES ............................................................................................. 14
WORKS CONSULTED.................................................................................................................................... 14
2
THEATRE ETIQUETTE
“The theater is so endlessly fascinating because it's so accidental. It's so much like life.” – Arthur Miller
Arrive Early: Latecomers may not be admitted to a performance. Please ensure you arrive with enough
time to find your seat before the performance starts.
Cell Phones and Other Electronic Devices: Please TURN OFF your cell phones/iPods/gaming
systems/cameras. We have seen an increase in texting, surfing, and gaming during performances, which
is very distracting for the performers and other audience members. The use of cameras and recording
devices is strictly prohibited.
Talking During the Performance: You can be heard (even when whispering!) by the actors onstage and
the audience around you. Disruptive patrons will be removed from the theatre. Please wait to share
your thoughts and opinions with others until after the performance.
Food/Drinks: Food and hot drinks are not allowed in the theatre. Where there is an intermission,
concessions may be open for purchase of snacks and drinks. There is complimentary water in the lobby.
Dress: There is no dress code at the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre, but we respectfully request that
patrons refrain from wearing hats in the theatre. We also strive to be a scent-free environment, and
thank all patrons for their cooperation.
Leaving During the Performance: If an audience member leaves the theatre during a performance, they
will be readmitted at the discretion of our Front of House staff. Should they be readmitted, they will not
be ushered back to their original seat, but placed in a vacant seat at the back of the auditorium.
Being Asked to Leave: The theatre staff has, and will exercise, the right to ask any member of the
audience to leave the performance if that person is being disruptive. Inappropriate and disruptive
behaviour includes, but is not limited to: talking, using electronic devices, cameras, laser pointers, or
other light- or sound-emitting devices, and deliberately interfering with an actor or the performance
(tripping, throwing items on or near the stage, etc.).
Talkbacks: All Tuesday evening performances and final matinees at Royal MTC feature a talkback with
members of the cast following the show. While watching the performance, make a mental note of
questions to ask the actors. Questions can be about the story, the interpretation, life in the theatre, etc.
Enjoy the show: Laugh, applaud, cheer and respond to the performance appropriately. Make sure to
thank all the artists for their hard work with applause during the curtain call.
3
THE PLAYWRIGHT
Peter Morgan is a well-known British playwright and screenwriter
celebrated for his historical films and plays, including The Queen,
Frost/Nixon, Rush and The Audience. He was born in 1963 in
London, England and attended the University of Leeds, earning a
degree in Fine Arts. His works, though often about public figures
and events, are “neither documentary nor fiction but an imaginative
amalgam of the two” (Lahr, John. The New Yorker. 30 April 2007).
His play The Audience premiered in the West End in 2013 and on
Broadway in 2015. Morgan is currently working on a television
drama series – scheduled to premiere in November 2016 –based on
the same ideas and characters featured in The Audience.
Peter Morgan
THE PLAY
During the Second World War, the British Monarch and the British Prime Minister began to have private
conversations once each week; these meetings, called “the audience,” continue today. Records of these
meetings are not kept.
The play The Audience is Peter Morgan’s imagined version of these meetings, or a few of them, between
Queen Elizabeth II and most of her Prime Ministers. In the introduction to the Faber & Faber edition,
Morgan asks the question, “How can one tell the story without it feeling linear and inevitable?” He goes
on to say, “nothing is enjoyable if there is no sense of surprise,” and so he “decided to tell it in a nonlinear way.” To further enhance enjoyment and surprise, the play includes an Equerry and appearances
of Elizabeth as a young girl.
4
Preliminary set model by Christina Poddubiuk
TIMELINE: HISTORICAL AND DRAMATIC
Only eight of Queen Elizabeth’s Prime Ministers are depicted in The Audience. Compare the list of
historical Prime Ministers with those depicted in the play. Why do you think Morgan chose to include
some in his play and not others?
BRITISH PRIME MINISTERS: HISTORICAL
PRIME MINISTER
BORN
IN OFFICE
Winston Churchill
1874
Anthony Eden
YEAR
AS DEPICTED IN THE PLAY
CHARACTERS
QUEEN’S
AGE
1897
1940-45,
1951-55
1955-57
ACT ONE
1995
The Queen, John Major
69
Harold Macmillan*
1894
1957-63
1952
The Queen, Winton Churchill
25
Alec Douglas-Home*
1903
1963-64
Pre-1937
The Queen, Young Elizabeth
changing
Harold Wilson
1916
1964
The Queen, Harold Wilson
37
Edward Heath*
1916
1964-70,
1974-76
1970-74
Pre-1937
Young Elizabeth, Bobo
changing
James Callaghan*
1912
1976-79
2009
The Queen, Gordon Brown
83
Margaret Thatcher
1925
1979-90
c. 2004
The Queen, Tony Blair
77
John Major
1943
1990-97
1992
The Queen, John Major
65
Tony Blair
1953
1997-2007
1953
The Queen
26
Gordon Brown
1951
2007-10
David Cameron
1966
2010-16
1968
Theresa May*
1956
2016 - present
ACT TWO
41
1956
The Queen, Harold Wilson
(Balmoral)
The Queen, Anthony Eden
1937
The Queen, Young Elizabeth
changing
c. 1997
The Queen, Margaret Thatcher
71
1947
Young Elizabeth (Cape Town)
21
2015
The Queen, David Cameron
88
1975
The Queen, Harold Wilson
48
1976
The Queen, Young Elizabeth
50
30
*Not in the play
5
THE PRIME MINISTERS
Those who appear in the play, listed in chronological order. Unless
otherwise noted, all information has been taken from Encyclopaedia
Britannica, www.britannica.com.
Winston Churchill
Anthony Eden
Winston Churchill (born Nov 30, 1874, Oxfordshire, England – died Jan 24,
1965). British statesman, orator and author. As Prime Minister (1940-45,
1951-55) he rallied the British people during the Second World War and
led his country from the brink of defeat to victory. One of his major
achievements was to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 “for
his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant
oratory in defending exalted human values” (The Nobel).
Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon (born June 12, 1897, Durham, England –
died Jan 14, 1977). British foreign secretary 1935-38, 1940-45, 1951-55,
and Prime Minister 1955-1957. Eden was knighted in 1954 and created
Earl of Avon in 1961.
Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx (born Mar 11, 1916, Yorkshire,
England – died May 24, 1995). Wilson was a Labour Party politician who
was Prime Minister 1964-1970 and 1974-1976. Wilson won four of five
general elections, more than any other postwar British leader of any party.
Harold Wilson
Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher (nee Roberts), Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven (born
Oct 13, 1925, Lincolnshire, England – died April 8, 2013). Thatcher was a
British Conservative Party politician and Prime Minister 1979-1990. She
was Europe’s first woman Prime Minister. The only British Prime Minister
in the 20th century to win three consecutive terms, Thatcher was, at the
time of her resignation, Britain’s longest continuously serving Prime
Minister since 1827. She became, in personality and achievement, the
most renowned British political leader since Winston Churchill. The term
“Thatcherism” came to refer to her policies but also to her moral
absolutism, fierce nationalism, a zealous regard for the interests of the
individual, and a combative, uncompromising approach to achieving
political goals.
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John Major (born Mar 29, 1943). British politician and public official who was Prime Minister of
the United Kingdom 1990-1997.
Tony Blair (born May 6, 1953, Edinburgh, Scotland). Blair was the British Labour Party leader
who served as Prime Minister 1997-2007. He was the youngest Prime Minister since 1812 and
the longest-serving Labour Prime Minister. His 10-year tenure as Prime Minister was the second
longest continuous period (Margaret Thatcher) in more than 150 years.
Gordon Brown (born Feb 20, 1951, Glasgow, Scotland). British Labour Party politician who
served as chancellor of the Exchequer under Blair (1997-2007) and Prime Minister 2007-2010.
Before becoming Prime Minister, he had been the longest serving Chancellor of the Exchequer
since the 1820s.
David Cameron (born Oct 9, 1966, London, England). British Conservative Party leader who
served as Prime Minister 2010-2016.
John Major
Tony Blair
Gordon Brown
David Cameron
THE BRITISH SOVEREIGN
Queen Elizabeth II. Born Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary,
April 21, 1926, in London, to Prince Albert, Duke of York (later
known as King George VI), and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. She
married Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh, in 1947,
became Queen on February 6, 1952, and was crowned on June
2, 1953. Prince Charles, her son, is heir to the throne. Prince
William and Prince Harry continue her line. She is the longestserving monarch in British history.
Formal portrait of Queen Elizabeth II
7
AFTER THE AUDIENCE
By Christopher Frank
Associate Professor, University of Manitoba Department of History
Peter Morgan’s The Audience imagines conversations that might have taken place between
Queen Elizabeth and her Prime Ministers at their traditional weekly meetings. At the final
meeting portrayed in the play, in the spring of 2015 with Prime Minister David Cameron,
Parliament had just been dissolved and an important election campaign was underway.
Although the play concludes before the end of this election and the “Brexit” referendum that
followed, the interaction between Cameron and the Queen at this meeting reflects the
decidedly mixed feelings of the British (primarily English) toward the European Union, and how
these attitudes were partially encouraged by nostalgia for a Britain that is forever gone.
In early 2013 the polls did not look good for Cameron's coalition government. The polls showed
that the Tories were running behind the Labour Party, and furthermore, the United Kingdom
Independence Party (UKIP) had surpassed the Liberal-Democrats. UKIP emphasized national
sovereignty, demanding an end to British membership in the European Union and a reduction
in the number of immigrants permitted entry to the United Kingdom. Some Anti-European
Union Conservative MPs, fearing that their party was losing voters to UKIP, demanded action
from the Prime Minister. Cameron responded by promising to renegotiate the terms of
Britain’s membership in the EU, and pledging that if his party was re-elected in the 2015
election, an in-or-out referendum on continued membership in the EU would be held before
the end of 2017. In the moment, this might have seemed like a skillful political maneuver. It
got him in front of an issue of public concern, made peace between factions of his party, and
possibly won some voters back from UKIP. It turned out, however, to be a very risky decision,
one that will likely define Mr. Cameron’s place in British history.
On 7 May 2015 Cameron’s Conservatives won a slim Parliamentary majority. In February 2016
Cameron informed the public that he had won some small concessions from the EU in areas
such as government benefits owed to EU migrants, sovereignty, and the rights of non-euro
countries. He also announced that a referendum would take place on 23 June 2016, and that
he strongly favoured remaining within the EU. Some of his cabinet ministers, however,
campaigned for the “Leave” side.
It is interesting to read the play’s exchange between Cameron and the Queen in light of the
outcome of the “Brexit” vote. Cameron laments to the Queen that “It’s hard to understand
why we British have been so resistant to Europe historically,” and suggests possibilities such as
the physical separation from Europe, language barriers, or lingering memories of the war. He
then states another possibility might be that “we have a head of state who has such strong
emotional ties with the Commonwealth that it’s impossible for us as subjects to commit
ourselves fully to any other union. That is, until you…” Both recoil at the impropriety of what
Cameron has suggested. This reference to the Commonwealth is interesting because memories
of a lost Britain at the center of a great empire, capable of shaping world events alone, might
have contributed to the discomfort that some in Britain (especially England) have historically
shown toward the European Union. For “Euro skeptics,” Britain was still a nation apart from
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Europe, and they resisted encroachments on its sovereignty in the form of political and
economic integration with the EU. Polling conducted throughout the Brexit campaign
suggested a generation gap among voters, with the majority of those under 40 supporting the
“Remain," while voters 55 and older faovoured “Leave.” Older voters were more likely to
remember the days of empire and Britain’s elevated status in the world, as well as the
prosperity of the later 1950s and 1960s. They would also remember the humiliation of Britain’s
rejection for entry to the EEC in 1961 before finally being admitted in 1973, followed by
decades of deindustrialization and more difficult and insecure times for the working class.
Indeed, the campaigners for the “Leave” side frequently invoked patriotism and the glories
Britain’s past. Obviously, race, xenophobia and discomfort with social and cultural changes
were also critical factors in the outcome as well. For younger voters Britain had always been a
part of Europe, perhaps identifying more with it than the Commonwealth, and most viewed
their political and economic future as part of the European Union. On 23 June 2016 voters in
the United Kingdom and Gibraltar voted 51.9% to 48.11% to leave the EU. Cameron resigned
immediately after the vote, and on 13 July he was replaced by Home Secretary Theresa May. It
will fall to her to invoke article 50 to initiate the process of Britain’s formal exit. Undoubtedly
she will have some very interesting weekly audiences with the Queen.
Costume drawings by Set & Costume Designer Christina Poddubiuk:
Queen Elizabeth in 1952, 1986, & 2015
9
GLOSSARY
A levels and O Levels - Advanced or Ordinary level examinations/ qualifications taken by school students
in the UK; the O-Levels have now been phased out and replaced with IGCSE. (wikipedia.org)
Apartheid - a policy that governed relations between South Africa’s white minority and non-white
majority; the policy sanctioned racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against nonwhites. (britannica.com)
Constitutional Monarchy - A form of national government in which the power of the monarch (the king
or queen) is restrained by a parliament, by law, or by custom. (dictionary.com)
Downing Street - the road in central London where the official home of the UK Prime Minister is
located; the Prime Minister lives at 10 Downing Street.
Equerry - An officer of the British royal household who attends or assists members of the royal family.
(oxford dictionaries.com)
G7 - A group of seven leading industrial nations, consisting of the US, Japan, Germany, France, the UK,
Italy, and Canada, that meets annually to discuss political and international issues. (cfr.org)
Gaddafi - (1942- 2011) Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, commonly known as Colonel
Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. In March 2004, British Prime
Minister Tony Blair became one of the first western leaders in decades to visit Libya and publicly meet
Gaddafi. (wikipedia.org and history.co.uk)
House of Lords - the upper chamber of Great Britain’s bicameral legislature. (britannica.com)
Labour Government- a political party in Great Britain, formed in 1900 and characterized by the
promotion of labour interests, nationalisation, and social reforms. (Random House Kernerman
Webster’s College Dictionary, thefreedictionary.com)
League of Nations - The League of Nations was established during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 at
the end of the First World War. It was the forerunner of today's United Nations, an international body
with representatives from many countries whose purpose was to maintain world peace.
(canadahistoryproject.ca)
LemSip - a brand of cold and flu medicine, popular in the United Kingdom, similar to NeoCitran.
(lemsip.co.uk)
OCD - Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental illness. It is made up of two parts: obsessions and
compulsions. People may experience obsessions, compulsions, or both, which may cause distress.
(Canadian Mental Health Association: cmha.ca)
President Nasser - (1918-1970) President (1956–70) of Egypt who became a controversial leader of the
Arab world; known for nationalising the Suez Canal in 1956, which was partially responsible for the Suez
Crisis. (britannica.com)
10
Queen Victoria - (1819-1901) Queen of the United Kingdom and Ireland from 1837-1901. (oxford
dictionary of national biography: oxforddnb.com)
Red box - a briefcase-like carrying case used by the ministers in the British Government to hold and
transport official documents. A Royal red box is used by Government officials to deliver documents to
the British Sovereign (gov.uk). Queen Elizabeth is notorious for reading every document delivered via
the red box.
Sanctions - A penalty or threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule. (oxforddictionaries.com)
Security Council Resolution 1441 - The United Nations Security Council, in Resolution 1441 (November
8, 2002), unanimously deplored Iraq's lack of compliance with Resolution 687 (1991) on inspection,
disarmament and renunciation of terrorism in Iraq, and went on to make several decisions under
Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter, which gives the Council the authority to determine the existence of a
threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression, and to take action accordingly. (American
Society of International Law: asil.org)
Sèvres Protocol - The Sèvres Protocol was the product of secret negotiations among British, French, and
Israeli leaders at a villa in Sèvres, a Paris suburb, from 22 to 24 October 1956, to initiate war against
Nasser's Egypt. (encyclopedia.com)
Suez - Short for Suez crisis. The 1956 Suez Crisis was a military and political confrontation in Egypt that
threatened to divide the United States and Great Britain, potentially harming the Western military
alliance that had won the Second World War. It involved an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel,
followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal
and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power. After the fighting had started, the
United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to withdraw. The
episode humiliated Great Britain and resulted in the resignation of British Prime Minister Anthony Eden.
(thecanadianencyclopedia.ca and wikipedia.org)
Suez Canal - A man-made waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea in
order to facilitate international trade. It was opened for navigation on the 17th of November 1869, and
Egypt nationalized the canal on the 26th of July 1956. (suezcanal.gov.eg)
UN - The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193
Member States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles
contained in its founding Charter. (un.org)
11
ACTIVITIES & DISCUSSION
THE AUDIENCE: A CLOSER LOOK
Curriculum Connections: Reading, listening and viewing involve making careful observations.
Understanding, interpretation and personal connection result from transforming observations into
questions, discussing possible answers to those questions, and participating in ways to extend thinking.
Consider the following observations, questions, and extensions before you go to the theatre, during the
performance, and after you have enjoyed the play.
HISTORICAL ACCURACY AND RESPONSIBILITY
Observation: The meetings between Queen Elizabeth II and her Prime Ministers are not recorded;
accordingly, Morgan has imaginatively created all of the dialogue.
Question: Since the play’s characters are based on real people, what responsibility does Morgan have to
historical accuracy? Should the playwright try to stay true to the actual person? A lot? A little? Why?
Extension: Research one of the British PMs in the play. Consider if Morgan has represented the PM well.
Alternatively, read or view another portrayal of the Queen and compare representations.
POWER AND AUTHORITY
Observation: Constitutionally, the Queen has no power. Her role is to consult, to advise and to warn. In
the play Churchill says, “The Sovereign always agrees.”
Question: How does Morgan generate dramatic conflict in a situation that seems to preclude it?
Question: Though the Queen has no power, she has authority. Peter Morgan writes that the play
explores how “power—real and symbolic—function.” What is the relationship of power and authority?
Extension: Write a short scene between a leader in a time of struggle or tension and a revered and
respected elder. Explore the relationship of power and authority in your scene.
STRUCTURE
Observation: The play’s structure is non-linear and anachronistic, moving back and forth between 1937
and 2015.
Question: What are some of the possible effects of this non-linear structure?
Question: How is the development of the Queen’s character emphasized through this structure?
Extension: Write two versions of a dramatic event, a linear version and a non-linear version. Consider
the ways structure and meaning work together in drama and story.
COSTUMES
Observation: Costume design can contribute to a play’s drama in varying degrees. Jessie Green, when
reviewing the Helen Mirren production of the play wrote, “the greatest surprises and transformations
are all in the clothes."
Question: How and to what extent does costume design in the Royal MTC production contribute to the
drama of The Audience?
12
Observation: Peter Morgan’s stage directions indicate that many of the Queen's costume changes are
done on stage.
Question: What effects do the on-stage costume changes have on the play as a whole?
Extension: The viewing public is well aware of what actors and directors are doing, yet much of a
production happens backstage. Select and research one of the various backstage roles (costume design,
make-up artist, lighting, etc.) that contribute to the art of drama.
CHARACTERIZATION
Observation: Prime Ministers are rather human, like us, but monarchs do not seem to be; monarchs
often seem larger-than-life, beings of fairy tale, history and fantasy.
Question: How does Peter Morgan humanize the Queen?
Extension: Select a scene from the play wherein you feel the Queen seems particularly human. Consider
what aspects of the scene generate her humanness and prepare a reading or performance that
emphasizes these aspects.
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
Observation: People often make clear distinctions between the public and the private, the formal and
the informal, but the basis of the play is meetings between public figures talking privately, discussing
formal matters informally.
Question: What are the effects of such an odd combination of opposites? What tensions might result?
What freedoms might be encouraged?
Extension: Write a short scene between a representative of your community and the Canadian Prime
Minister, assuming the meeting included no one else and was not recorded in any way. Pay particular
attention to the odd tensions and freedoms of such a private and public, formal and informal encounter.
Consider such things as what they would discuss and how they would feel.
ON YOUR OWN
What observations, questions and extensions come to mind as you view and reflect on the play?
FURTHER STUDY: ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Lajta-Novak, Julia and Werner Huber. “’Inaccurate but Truthful’: Q & A with Screenwriter Peter
Morgan.” European Journal of Life Writing, vol. 4, 12 Aug. 2015. ejlw.eu/article/view/165.
An excellent interview transcript wherein Peter Morgan sheds “light on the principles guiding the
screenwriter-biographer’s work, his conflicting responsibilities towards biographee and audience, and
the biopic’s potential to impact on the fame and after-fame of historical and contemporary celebrities.”
Lahr, John. “The Impersonator.” The New Yorker, 30 April 2007,
www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/04/30/the-impersonator .
An engaging article that discusses Peter Morgan’s oeuvre and his ideas about biographical and historical
writing.
13
Morgan, Peter. “Why I wanted to make The Audience public.” The Guardian, 13 January 2013.
www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/jan/13/peter-morgan-the-audience-queen
An accessible article written by Peter Morgan wherein he shares his thoughts on the origination of, the
history behind, and the art in The Audience.
FURTHER STUDY: PRINT AND FILM SOURCES
Bradford, Sarah. Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen. Heinemann, 1996.
Hardman, Robert. Our Queen. Arrow, 2012.
Marr, Andrew. The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II & Her People. Pan Macmillan, 2011.
Morgan, Peter. The Audience. Faber and Faber, 2013.
Morgan, Peter, creator. The Queen. Performance by Helen Mirren. Pathe Pictures, 2006.
Morgan, Peter, creator. The Audience. Performance by Helen Mirren. National Theatre, 2013. (see
ntlive.nationaltheatre.org.uk/productions/ntlout17-the-audience for more details).
Nairn, Tom. The Enchanted Glass: Britain and its Monarchy. Verso, 2011.
Parker, Robert J. British Prime Ministers. Amberley, 2013.
Seward, Ingrid. The Queen’s Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in Her Own Words. Simon &
Schuster, 2016.
Smith, Sally Bedell. Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch. Random House, 2012.
WORKS CONSULTED
A Country by Consent, www.canadahistoryproject.ca.
American Society of International Law, www.asil.org.
Canadian Mental Health Association, www.cmha.ca.
Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org.
Dictionary.com, www.dictionary.com.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, www.britannica.com.
Historica Canada, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
History, www.history.co.uk.
Lajta-Novak, Julia and Werner Huber. “’Inaccurate but Truthful’: Q & A with Screenwriter Peter
Morgan.” European Journal of Life Writing, vol. 4, 12 Aug. 2015. ejlw.eu/article/view/165.
Lahr, John. “The Impersonator.” The New Yorker, 30 April 2007, www.newyorker.com/
magazine/2007/04/30/the-impersonator.
Lemsip, lemsip.co.uk.
Morgan, Peter. The Audience. Faber & Faber, 2013.
Morgan, Peter. “Why I wanted to make The Audience public.” The Guardian, 13 January 2013.
www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/jan/13/peter-morgan-the-audience-queen.
Oxford Dictionaries, www.oxforddictionaries.com.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, www.oxforddnb.com.
Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, www.thefreedictionary.com.
Suez Canal Authority, www.suezcanal.gov.eg.
“The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media, 17 Sep 2016.
14
www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1953/.
United Nations, www.un.org.
Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page.
Image Sources
Peter Morgan, By NYFF_2010_"Hereafter"_Press_Conference(4).jpg: aphrodite-in-nyc from new york
city derivative work: JJ Georges [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via
Wikimedia Commons
Sir Winston Churchill, By United Nations Information Office, New York [Public domain], via Wikimedia
Commons
Sir Anthony Eden, By unknown British 20th century [OGL
(http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/1/)], via Wikimedia
Commons
Harold Wilson, By Allan Warren (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons
Margaret Thatcher, By Rob Bogaerts / Anefo (Nationaal Archief) [CC BY-SA 3.0 nl
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/nl/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons
Sir John Major, By PFC TRACEY L. HALL-LEAHY, USA [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Tony Blair, by Müller / MSC [CC BY 3.0 de (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/deed.en)],
via Wikimedia Commons
Gordon Brown, By the International Monetary Fund
(http://www.imf.org/external/photo/showall.asp?g=56) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
David Cameron, By Guillaume Paumier (Own work) [CC BY 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons, guillaumepaumier.com
Formal Portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, By Donald Mckagne / Library and Archives Canada [CC BY 2.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
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