Download 3.11. Towton Pathologies

Towton Pathologies (Holst et al. 2000)
Skelno Sex Age
1
Pathologies
M YMA Left third maxillary molar fractured; calculus, caries, abscess on
left upper second molar and moderate periodontal disease;
enamel hypoplasia; enthesophytes on attachments for pectoralis
major and teres major on both humeri; cortical defects at
costoclavicular ligament insertions on the clavicles.
6
M
YA Calculus, caries, moderate periodontal disease, crowding of
maxillary and mandibular incisors; Schmorl’s nodes on lower
thoracic vertebrae, congenital defect on T3; cribra orbitalia stage
5; cortical defects at costoclavicular ligament insertions on both
clavicles, pectoralis major and teres major insertions on humeri,
soleus/popliteus on both tibiae.
8
M
OA Calculus, caries, upper slight and lower moderate periodontal
disease; Schmorl’s nodes on T7-12; slight degeneration of right
patella; osteochondritis of first left foot phalanx and second right
foot phalanx; enthesopathies at costoclavicular ligament insertion
on right clavicle, triceps on left ulna; robust attachments of
pronator quadratus on left ulna and subscapularis on right
humerus.
9
M OMA Calculus, caries, enamel hypoplasia, slight to moderate
periodontal disease; osteophytes on C4 to T10, T12, L4 and L5;
porosity on C5, C6, T4, T11, L2 and L3; Schmorl’s nodes on T6,
T8 to L5; T6 to L1 fused; thoracic vertebrae show ossification of
anterior of T4 to T6 and T7 to T12, possibly due to trauma; cribra
orbitalia stage 1; osteochondritis dissecans on left tibial medial
malleolus; healed fracture of L5 facet; osteophytes on articular
facets of sacrum, rim of acetabula, distal articular surface of left
fibula, on medial epicondyle of humeri, along border of ulnar
notch and on right radius; enthesopathies on iliac crests, soleal
lines of tibiae and superior aspect of left navicular; robust
attachments for deltoid, pectoralis major and teres major on
humeri; robust linea aspera.
10
M
YA Calculus, caries, slight periodontal disease, enamel hypoplasia;
Schmorl’s nodes from T5 to L1, L3 to L5; sacrum fused to right
pelvic bone; cribra orbitalia stage 1; cortical defects at teres
major insertions and at left pectoralis major insertion on humeri.
11
M OMA Calculus, caries, moderate periodontal disease, fractured left M2
and M3, enamel chipped on both central and left lateral incisors;
porosity from C3-C6, T2-L5, osteophytes from T7-T12, L2-L5,
Schmorl’s nodes from T7-L1 and L3, healed compression
fracture on T8, limbus vertebra L2; degenerative changes of both
acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints; os acromiale left.
12
M OMA Calculus, caries, 3 externally draining abscesses, moderate
periodontal disease; osteophytes and porosity on C4, Schmorl’s
node on L3; healed fracture left clavicle, healed shear fracture
left radial head causing distortion of the radial head and slight
deformation of the coronoid process of the left ulna; cortical
defect on the capitulum of the right humerus.
13
M OMA Calculus, caries, severe periodontal disease, externally draining
abscess; osteophytes on C2, C3, C7, T2-L5, porosity on C5-C7,
T2-T8 and L5, Schmorl’s nodes on T9-T11, eburnation on T2-T8
and L5; slight osteophyte formation around proximal surface of
left tibia, distal articular surface of right femur, right acetabulum,
olecranon and coronoid process of left ulna (slightly more
pronounced in right ulna), around ulnar notch of right radius,
capitulum and trochlea of right humerus, left glenoid cavity,
clavicular articular surfaces of Manubrium, distal articular
surfaces of right MC1 and MC3; cut on left clavicle; joint disease
on both auricular surfaces, on the sternal and acromial articular
surface of the clavicles, on right acromion; robust muscle
attachments for costoclavicular ligament on both clavicles,
pectoralis major and teres major on humeri, pronator teres on
radii, pronator quadratus on ulnae; enthesopathies on medial and
lateral epicondyles of humeri, biceps insertion on radii, adductor
insertions on linea aspera, soleus on tibiae and Achilles tendon
on calcanei.
16
M
OA Calculus, moderate maxillary and slight mandibular periodontal
disease; osteophyte formation on C3, C4, T4, T4, T8, T12-L4,
porosity on C2-C7, Schmorl’s nodes on T8 and T9, ossification
of the ligamentum flavum T6-T9, T11-L3, L5; avulsion fracture
on the epicondyle of the left humerus causing degenerative
changes on the joint; complete spina bifida occulta on sacrum;
ossification of transverse ligament on right acetabulum;
enthesopathies of triceps on right ulna and subscapularis insertion
on both humeri; robust attachments of pectoralis major, teres
major on right humerus, pectoralis major on left humerus, biceps
on right radius, brachialis on ulnae; robust linea aspera on both
femora; ossified soft tissue on right greater trochanter (gluteus
medius?).
17
M YMA Calculus, caries, 2 externally draining abscesses, moderate
periodontal disease; ossification of supraspinous ligament on T2T12, slight osteophyte formation on T1-T8, Schmorl’s nodes on
T6 to L2; robust muscle attachments of the costoclavicular
ligament, trapezoid and deltoid on clavicles, brachialis on both
ulnae, pronator teres on right radius, tibialis posterior on left
tibia; enthesopathies of triceps on ulnae.
18
M YMA Slight to moderate calculus, slight periodontal disease, enamel
hypoplasia; Schmorl’s nodes T7-L5; cribra orbitalia stage 5 in
left orbit; periostitis on third and sixth right ribs; cortical defect
for costoclavicular ligament on both clavicles.
21
M
YA Caries, slight to medium calculus throughout dentition, most
severs on anterior mandibular teeth, 2 externally draining
abscesses; blade wound affecting anterior CEJ adjacent to
maxillary left canine-M1, slight to moderate periodontal disease;
Schmorl’s nodes T6-L4, slight porosity on superior and inferior
processes of T1-T4; right sinus healed sinusitis; slight cortical
defect for costoclavicular ligament on right clavicle.
22
M YMA 2 externally draining abscesses associated with left P3 and P4,
calculus, enamel hypoplasia on incisors and canines, slight to
moderate periodontal disease; Schmorl’s node T7, slight
eburnation on right superior process of T6, slight osteophytosis
T10-T11; small button osteomas on frontal; periostitis distal third
left tibia; healed fracture proximal shaft left fibula; partial spina
bifida occulta S4-S5; cortical defects at insertions for pectoralis
major and teres major on humeri.
23
M YMA Calculus, caries, externally draining abscess, moderate
periodontal disease, crowding especially in anterior maxilla,
enamel chipping right M3; Schmorl’s nodes lower T and L’s;
possible well-healed greenstick fracture or haematoma distal
third right tibia; healing cribra orbitalia stage 2 right orbit;
possible early DJD in TMJ.
24
M OMA Calculus, caries, slight (mandible) to moderate (maxilla)
periodontal disease, externally draining abscess, enamel
hypoplasia, M3s peg teeth, strange wear on right M3, all canine
cusps worn to a cup-shape; T9 and T10 fused anteriorly
(congenital or traumatic); osteophytes on T8, T11, T12, L4;
Schmorl’s nodes T10-L2 and L4; intervertebral osteochondrosis
on two L’s; possible healed greenstick fracture right proximal
fibula; DJD acromial articular surface right clavicle.
25
M OMA Calculus, caries, externally draining abscess, slight periodontal
disease, enamel hypoplasia, cut on upper right premolars,
maxillary right canine lost perimortem; slight osteophytes T5,
T7-T11, L1, L4; Schmorl’s’ nodes T7-T11, L2-L4; button
osteoma on right side of frontal; slight DJD on sternal articular
surfaces of clavicles; robust attachments for pectoralis major,
teres major, deltoid, on humeri, pronator quadratus on ulnae;
enthesopathies for patellar ligament on left tibia.
26
M YYA Calculus, caries, slight periodontal disease; Schmorl’s nodes T11,
T12, L3, L5; cortical defect at costoclavicular attachment on
right clavicle, pectoralis major, teres major on right humerus.
27
M
YA Calculus, caries, externally draining abscess, enamel pearl on
right M3, slight crowding of mandibular incisors; Schmorl’s
nodes T6-L2; possible greenstick fracture right fibula, possibly
causing muscle trauma; cribra orbitalia stage 5 left orbit; os
acromiale both scapulae; cortical defects of costoclavicular
ligament both clavicles, pectoralis major both humeri, teres major
left humerus.
28
M
YA Caries, slight to medium calculus, enamel hypoplasia on left
maxillary canine; partial spondylolysis L2; right maxillary
sinusitis remodelled periostitis left tibia; well-healed mid-shaft
fracture right MT4; cortical defects at insertions of
costoclavicular ligament on clavicles, pectoralis major, teres
major on humeri.
30
M OMA Slight calculus, caries, slight periodontal disease; slight
osteophytes on T2, T3, T7-T10; Schmorl’s nodes T10, T11;
spondylolysis L4, sacralisation L5; enthesopathy right radial
tuberosity; bilateral os acromiale; osteochondritis dissecans at
first right proximal foot phalanx.
32
M
YA Slight calculus, caries, slight mandibular and moderate maxillary
periodontal disease, externally draining abscess, perimortem
fracture right maxillary canine and right I2, enamel hypoplasia on
both maxillary canines; cortical defects at costoclavicular
ligament insertion on clavicles; prominent attachments for
pectoralis major and deltoid on humeri; extensive periostitis on
left tibia; benign cyst at left auricular surface of pelvis; spina
bifida occulta S3-S5; healed fracture right MT4.
33
M YMA Osteophytes L5, Schmorl’s nodes L4; spina bifida occulta S1, the
neural arch is not joined at the apex.
34 (38) M
OA Calculus, caries, 3 externally draining abscesses, slight
periodontal disease on right mandible; slight osteophytes T1-T4,
T8, T10, T12, L3; Schmorl’s nodes T5-T7, T9-T11; partial
sacralisation right side; cribra orbitalia stage 5 right orbit; robust
muscle attachments for gluteus maximus on right femur and for
deltoid on left humerus; enthesopathies of Achilles tendon on
calcanei and biceps on right radius; unhealed scaphoid fracture
with eburnation.
36
(19/37)
M A/YA Calculus, caries, slight maxillary periodontal disease, impacted
right M3, possibly impacted right M3; non-union of left scaphoid
with eburnation; robust muscle attachments for pectoralis major
on left humerus.
39
M?A Osteophyte on distal left MT2; pronounced attachment for soleus
on tibiae.
40
M OMA Calculus, caries, moderate periodontal disease, fractured left
mandibular canine probably caused by blow to mandible; slight
osteophyte formation on C6, C7, T4-T9, T11-L1, L3, L4;
Schmorl’s nodes T8; cribra orbitalia stage 5; robust attachments
for costoclavicular ligament on clavicles, subscapularis,
pectoralis major, teres major on humeri, for brachialis on ulnae;
femoral linea aspera and tibial soleal line very marked;
enthesopathies for biceps on radial tuberosities, supinator on
right ulna, patellar ligament on right patella and Achilles tendon
on calcanei.
41
M YMA Calculus, caries, externally draining abscess, slight periodontal
disease; Schmorl’s nodes T5-T12, L4; osteophytes T6, T7, T9,
T10, L3, L4; enthesopathies for Achilles tendon on calcanei;
cortical defects at attachments for costoclavicular ligament on
clavicles.
42
M YMA Robust attachment for gluteus maximus and linea aspera on
femora, for soleus on tibiae; enthesopathies for patellar ligament
on patellae, for Achilles tendon on calcanei; 6 sacral segments.
43
M YMA Bilateral osteochondritis dissecans of proximal first foot
phalanges; robust soleus attachments on tibiae.
44
M YMA Enamel hypoplasia on maxillary incisors and canines, slight
calculus, slight periodontal disease; Schmorl’s nodes on inferior
bodies L1-L2; osteophytes on inferior body T3, T3 also displays
left lateral twisting of the spinous process; partial spina bifida
occulta S4-S5; cribra orbitalia stage 2 both orbits; left maxillary
sinusitis.
M YMA Schmorl’s nodes T5-T12; left lateral twisting of spinous
46
processes of T6, T7; partial spina bifida occulta S4, S5; robust
attachment for costoclavicular ligaments, more marked on right
clavicle; cortical defects on humeri at pectoralis major
attachment; robust attachments for teres major.
47
M
YA Partial spina bifida occulta S3-S5; periostitis distal left fibula and
central right tibia (remodelled); Harris lines in tibia and fibula;
avascular necrosis at fovea capitis on both femoral heads, more
severe on left; osteochondritis dissecans in both tibial condyles.
48
A
49
50
YA Remodelling periostitis on left fibula.
M?
51
A
Small erosive lesion on right distal MT1.
? 16-20 Ossified haematoma on left tibial shaft.
52

Slight enthesopathic exostoses at soleus attachments on left tibia.
YA (not in catalogue)
Numbers of individuals:
Females: 0
Males: 32
?: 5

Indicators of wealth:
Cases of DISH: 0
Cases of gout: 0
Cases of stature 2 SD>mean: 0
Cases of weight 2 SD>mean: 0

Indicators of poverty:
Cases of DEH: 10/37 (27%) M
Cases of cribra orbitalia: 9/37 (24.3%) M
Cases of porotic hyperostosis: 0
Cases of rickets: 0
Cases of scurvy: 0
Cases of non-specific infection/periostitis: 6/37 (16.2%) M
Cases of stature 2 SD<mean: 0
Cases of weight 2 SD<mean: 0