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What is the present continuous? Form Present tense of 'to be' + ...ing. Affirmative I am working. You, we, they are working. He, she, it is working. Question Am I working? Are you, we, they working? Is he, she, it working? Negative I am not working. You, we, they are not working. He, she, it is not working. Use Actions happening now He is talking to a client. Actions happening around the time of speaking We are expanding our client base. Temporary situations I am attending a language training course Present trends Interest rates are falling Fixed future arrangements She is flying to Rome tomorrow. To express annoying habits He is always interrupting people AFFIRMATIVE I,You,we,they work. He,she,it works / teaches. NEGATIVE I,you,we,they don't work. He,she,it doesn't work. INTERROGATIVE Do I,you,we,they work? Does he,she,it work? What is the simple present? Form Infinitive, add 's' (sometimes 'es') for third person singular. I, you, we, they work. Affirmative He, she, it works. Do I, you, we, they work? Question Does he, she, it work? I, you, we, they do not work. Negative He, she, it does not work. Use Habits and routines He starts work at 7.30am and does not finish until 9pm. Long-term situations She lives in Rotterdam. Things that are true The world is round. Timetables and schedules The flight from London arrives at 9.35am. Stative verbs (verbs of feeling, thinking, senses) What do you think of the proposal? I do not like it. I remember the figures. I feel confident about the situation. Simple past - Formation (affirmative, negative, interrogative, regular) Regular verbs > Affirmative: base+ed walked, showed, watched, played, smiled Simple past, be, have, do Subject Verb Be Have Do I was had did You were had did He, she, it was had did We were had did You were had did They were had did > I was in Japan last month. > I had a headache yesterday. > We did our homework last week. Short stressed vowel+consonant: double consonant + "-ED": > to stop --> He stopped Consonant + 'y': 'y' --> 'i'+ "-ED": > to study -> I studied Negative and interrogative For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night. The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding "not" or the contraction "n't". The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do". Regular verbs > Negative & Interrogative Negative Subject They Interrogative Did did not didn't infinitive without to visit ... subject infinitive without to she arrive...? subject you infinitive without to like..? Affirmative I walked You walked Negative I didn't walk You didn't walk Interrogative Did I walk? Did you walk? He,she,it walked We walked You walked They walked He didn't walk We didn't walk You didn't walk They didn't walk Did he walk? Did we walk? Did you walk? Did they walk? Did Interrogative negative Did not Didn't Example: to walk, simple past For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.> They weren't in Rio last summer. > We hadn't (didn't have) any money. > We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower. > We didn't do our exercises this morning. > Were they in Iceland last January? > Did you have a motorbike when you were a boy? > Did you do much mountain biking in Italy? Simple past - Formation (irregular) Irregular Verb Page Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle arise arose arisen awake awoke/ awakened awoken B be was / were been A bear bore born / borne beat beat beaten / beat become became become befall befell befallen begin began begun behold beheld beheld bend bent bent bet bet / betted bet / betted bid bid bid bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast browbeat browbeat browbeat build built built burn burnt/ burned burnt/burned burst burst burst bust busted/ bust busted/ bust buy bought bought C cast cast cast catch !! caught caught choose !! chose chosen cling clung clung come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut D deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dive (scuba diving) dived dived dive (jump head-first) dove dived do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed drink !! drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt/ dwelled dwelt/ dwelled ate eaten fall !! fell fallen feed fed fed feel !! felt felt fight fought fought find found found fit (to be right size) fit fit fit (to tailor, change size) fit/ fitted fit/ fitted flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forecast forecast forecast forego (also forgo) forewent foregone foresee foresaw foreseen foretell foretold foretold forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven forsake forsook forsaken freeze froze frozen G get got gotten/ got give gave given go went gone grind ground ground grow grew grown H hang !! hung hung have had had E eat F hear !! heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold !! held held hurt hurt hurt I input input input inset inset inset interbreed interbred interbred interweave interwove interwoven keep kept kept kneel knelt/ kneeled knelt/ kneeled knit knit/ knitted knit/ knitted know knew known L lay !! laid laid lead led led lean leaned/ leant leaned/ leant leap leapt/ leaped leapt/ leaped learn learned/ learnt learned/ learnt leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie !! lay lain lie ( = not tell the truth) lied lied light lit / lighted lit / lighted lose !! lost lost make made made mean [mi:n] meant [ment] meant [ment] meet met met mishear misheard misheard mislay mislaid mislaid mislead misled misled misread misread misread misspell misspelled/ misspelt misspelled/ misspelt K M mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood mow mowed mowed/ mow O outbid outbid outbid outdo outdid outdone outgrow outgrew outgrown outrun outran outrun outsell outsold outsold overcast overcast overcast overcome overcame overcome overdo overdid overdone overdraw overdrew overdrawn overeat overate overeaten overhang overhung overhung overhear overheard overheard overlay overlaid overlaid overlie overlay overlain overpay overpaid overpaid override overrode overridden overrun overran overrun oversee oversaw overseen oversell oversold oversold overshoot overshot overshot oversleep overslept overslept overtake overtook overtaken overthrow overthrew overthrown partake partook partaken pay !! paid paid plead pled/ pleaded pled/ pleaded pre-set pre-set pre-set proofread proofread proofread prove proved proven/ proved put put put quit / quitted quit / quitted P Q quit R read [ri:d] read [red] read [red] rebind rebound rebound rebuild rebuilt rebuilt recast recast recast redo redid redone re-lay (for example tiles) re-laid re-laid remake remade remade repay repaid repaid rerun reran rerun resell resold resold reset reset reset rethink rethought rethought rewind rewound rewound rewrite rewrote rewritten rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/ sewed shake !! shook shaken shear sheared shorn/ sheared shed shed shed shine shined / shone shined / shone shit shit/ shat shit/ shat shoot shot shot show showed shown / showed shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk shut shut shut S sing sang sung sit !! sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept slide slid slid sling slung slung slit slit slit smell smelled/ smelt smelled/ smelt speak spoke spoken speed sped / speeded sped / speeded spell spelled/ spelt spelled/ spelt spend spent spent spin spun spun spit spit / spat spit / spat split split split spoil spoiled/ spoilt spoiled/ spoilt spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed spread spread spread spring sprang / sprung sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank / stunk stunk strew strewed strewn/ strewed stride strode stridden strive strove striven strike (delete) struck stricken strike (hit) struck struck/ stricken string strung strung strive strove/ strived striven/ strived swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen, swelled swim swam swum swing swung swung T take !! took taken teach !! taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think !! thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden, trod unbind unbound unbound underlie underlay underlain understand understood understood undertake undertook undertaken underwrite underwrote underwritten undo undid undone unwind unwound unwound uphold upheld upheld upset upset upset wake woke / waked woken / waked wear wore worn weave wove woven wed wed/ wedded wed/ wedded weep wept wept wet wet/ wetted wet/ wetted win !! won won wind wound wound withdraw withdrew withdrawn wring wrung wrung write !! wrote written U W What is the past continuous? Form Past tense of 'to be' + ...ing. I, he, she, it was working. Affirmative You, we, they were working. Was I, he, she, it working? Question Were you, we, they working? I, he, she, it was not working. Negative You, we, they were not working. Use Action in progress when another action happened He was talking on the phone when I came in. Action in progress in the past This time last year, I was working as a sales consultant. Past arrangements She was flying to Madrid, but the flight was cancelled. Past intentions or plans (was/were going to...) She was going to make an offer, but she changed her mind. I was going to quit, but I decided to stay. They were going to hold a conference, but it never came about. What is the simple past? Form Infinitive + ed for regular verbs. Affirmative I, you, he, she, it, we, they worked. Question Did I, you, he, she, it, we, they work? Negative I, you, he, she, it, we, they did not work. The verb 'to be' follows a different pattern. Affirmative I, he, she, it was... You, we, they were... Question Was I, he, she, it...? Were you, we, they...? Negative I, he, she, it was not... You, we, they were not... Irregular verbs do not end in -ed Some examples We shook hands. The client withdrew the offer. She bought some shares in the company. Sales fell last year. I rang her yesterday. They made a new company policy. Use Finished past actions I lived in Ireland from 1997 to 1999. How long ago did you join this company? Past trends Unemployment figures went up last month. Present perfect continuous: formation Present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have / has been), and the present participle of the main verb (base+ing). She has been / She's been running She hasn't been running Has she been running? Hasn't she been running? Example: to live, present perfect continuous I have been living. You have been living. He, she, it has been living. We have been living. You have been living. They have been living. I haven't been living. You haven't been living. He hasn't been living. We haven't been living. You haven't been living. They haven't been living. Have I been living? Have you been living? Has she been living? Have we been living? Have you been living? Have they been living? What is the present perfect continuous? Form P resent perfect of 'to be' + ...ing. I, you, we, they have been working. Affirmative He, she, it has been working. Have I, you, we, they been working? Question Has he, she, it been working? Negative I, you, we, they have not been working. He, she, it has not been working. Use Actions that started happening in the past and are still happening in the present. I have been waiting here for 3 hours. Actions that started happening in the past and have only just finished. She has been replying to emails all day. Note: Present perfect continuous stresses the duration of an action. I have been writing the report for weeks. Present perfect stresses the achievement. I have written the report. What is the past perfect? Use Past action that happened before another past action. He had just left the office when the phone rang. We had lived in Europe before we went to Asia. She was nervous because she had never given a presentation before. 'To have' versus 'have got' In negatives we usually use don't/doesn't/didn't: Example: - He's got a dog -> He doesn't have a dog / He didn't have a dog last year. Used to States, routines & habits in the past: also to be expressed by: used to + to-infinitive > I used to smoke a lot when I was young. > Did you use to drink alcohol? > She didn't use to do that. Confusion with "to be used to + -ing form" = action regularly done and that is no problem, action is not strange anymore > They used to work hard. (= Now they don't work hard anymore) > They are used to working hard. (= Hard work is no problem for them ) > I am not used to smoking. > Were you used to walking a lot? Simple future: Formation I will -> I'll We will -> we'll You will -> you'll You will -> you'll He,she, will -> he'll, she'll They will -> they'll Example: to see, simple future I'll see I won't see Will I see? *I will/shall see I shan't see Shall I see? You'll see You won't see Will you see? He, she, it will see He won't see Will she see? We'll see We won't see Will we see? *We will/shall see We shan't see Shall we see? You will see You won't see Will you see? They'll see They won't see Will they see? shall is slightly dated but can be used instead of will with I / we. Simple future: use: unplanned actions - future events 1. Expressing unplanned or spontaneous reaction or decision, made at the moment of speaking 2. Predicting future events >John, the phone is ringing. > Oh, is it? I'll answer it. > I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. > By the year 2050 we will have clean cars. > It will rain tomorrow. Simple future: use: probable future events - offers 1. For probable future events [+ think, believe, hope, suppose, expect...] > I expect the harvest will be good and she hopes we will be happy . > Do you believe the unemployment rate will drop? 2. Offer, agree, refuse, ask, promise (not) to do something > I'll say hello to Nicky for you. I won't forget. > I'll do the washing-up. He'll carry your bag for you. Simple future: pitfalls Many languages use a present tense to express future, not so in English 'Ik kom je morgen zien - Je viens te voir demain - Ich sehe dich morgen ' = I'll come and see you tomorrow Do not use Simple Future in time clauses > When he enters (not: will enter), we will all stand up. Simple future and present continuous with future meaning 1. Present continuous with future meaning Action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared > We're going on holiday next week. > I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. > Are they visiting us next summer? 2. Simple Future: use (unplanned actions - future events) 1. Expressing unplanned or spontaneous reaction or decision, made at the moment of speaking 2. Predicting future events >John, the phone is ringing. > Oh, is it? I'll answer it. > I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. > By the year 2050 we will have clean cars . > It will rain tomorrow. Future: 'will' and 'going to' 1. Going to-future a. use (intention in the future + predicting future happenings) 1. Expresses intention in the future which has not yet been arranged but is likely to happen > We are going to move next year. > Our daughter is going to study Medicine. Time indication is often vague or not even mentioned at all. 2. To predict future happenings; expresses what is thought to happen Something in the present situation indicates an immediate future result. Time is usually not mentioned > The north wind is very strong today. We are going to have trouble. > Watch out! You're going to fall! 2. Simple Future a. Use: unplanned actions 1. Expressing unplanned or spontaneous reaction or decision, made at the moment of speaking 2. Predicting future events >John, the phone is ringing. > Oh, is it? I'll answer it. > I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. > By the year 2050 we will have clean cars. > It will rain tomorrow. b. Use: probable future events - offers 1. For probable future events [+ think, believe, hope, suppose, expect...] > I expect the harvest will be good and she hopes we will be happy. > Do you believe the unemployment rate will drop? 2. Offer, agree, refuse, ask, promise (not) to do something > I'll say hello to Nicky for you. I won't forget. > I'll do the washing-up. He'll carry your bag for you. Expressing the future by using simple present and simple future 1. Simple future: use a. Unplanned actions - future events 1. Expressing unplanned or spontaneous reaction or decision, made at the moment of speaking > John, the phone is ringing. > Oh, is it? I'll answer it. > I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. 2. Predicting future events > By the year 2050 we will have clean cars. > It will rain tomorrow. b. Probable future events - offers 1. For probable future events [+ think, believe, hope, suppose, expect...] > I expect the harvest will be good and she hopes we will be happy. > Do you believe the unemployment rate will drop? 2. Offer, agree, refuse, ask, promise (not) to do something > I'll say hello to Nicky for you. I won't forget. > I'll do the washing-up. He'll carry your bag for you. 2. Simple present: use a. For fixed arrangements and with future constructions Fixed arrangements His mother arrives tomorrow. Our holiday starts on the 1st July. b. Time-table The simple present is used to make statements about events at a time later than now, when the statements are based on present facts, and when these facts are something fixed like a timetable, schedule, calendar. Examples: The plane arrives at 10 p.m. tomorrow. She has a math class tomorrow morning. The club opens at 10 p.m. tonight. Next Tuesday at 2 p.m. there is a Spanish exam. Note the difference between: The plane leaves in ten minutes (= statement of fact) <-> The plane's going to leave in ten minutes (= prediction based on present situation, meaning "...and if you don't hurry up you're going to miss it!"). 1. Present continuous and 'going to' for future a. Present continuous with future meaning: use 1. Expresses something already arranged or planned for the near future > This theater is closing next week. > The governor is leaving for Texas next month. 2. Asks about somebody's plans > What are you doing tonight? I'm going to a restaurant with Jill. 2. 'Going to'-future a. Use: intention in the future + predicting future happenings 1. Expresses intention in the future which has not yet been arranged but is likely to happen > We are going to move next year. > Our daughter is going to study Medicine. Time indication is often vague or not even mentioned at all. 2. To predict future happenings; expresses what is thought to happen Something in the present situation indicates an immediate future result. Time is usually not mentioned > The north wind is very strong today. We are going to have trouble. > Watch out! You're going to fall! Present continuous and simple present for future 1. Present continuous for future 1. Expresses something already arranged or planned for the near future > This theater is closing next week . > The governor is leaving for Texas next month. 2. Asks about somebody's plans > What are you doing tonight? I'm going to a restaurant with Jill. 2. Simple present for future The simple present is used to make statements about events at a time later than now, when the statements are based on present facts, and when these facts are something fixed like a timetable, schedule, calendar. Examples: The plane arrives at 10 p.m. tomorrow. She has a math class tomorrow morning. The club opens at 10 p.m. tonight. Next Tuesday at 2p.m. there is a Spanish exam. Note the difference between: The plane leaves in ten minutes (= statement of fact) <-> The plane's going to leave in ten minutes (= prediction based on present situation, meaning "...and if you don't hurry up you're going to miss it!"). The future continuous (future progressive): formation Simple future of the verb 'to be' + present participle (base+ing) I will be staying I won't be staying Will I be staying? You will be staying You won't be staying Will you be staying? He, she, it will be staying He won't be staying Will she be staying? We will be staying We won't be staying Will we be staying? You will be staying You won't be staying Will you be staying? They will be staying They won't be staying Will they be staying? The future continuous: use: actions in progress Expresses actions in progress at a particular moment in the future often with limited duration > Will you be watching the match at 8 tonight? > I'll be lying on the beach at this time tomorrow. What will you be doing? I will be working. The future perfect a. Formation Simple future of the verb to have (will have) + the past participle of the main verb I'll have arrived. I won't have arrived. Will I have arrived? You'll have arrived. You won't have arrived. Will you have arrived? He'll have arrived. She won't have arrived. Will it have arrived? We'll have arrived. We won't have arrived. Will we have arrived? You'll have arrived. You won't have arrived. Will you have arrived? They'll have arrived. They won't have arrived. Will they have arrived? b. Use 1. Actions which have already happened by a certain time in the future > I will have retired by the time I'm 70 . > By the time you read this I'll have left. > You will have finished your work by this time next week. It is important to mention time! --> It is often used with a time expression e.g. ' by' + a point in future time. 2. To speculate about the past > What a mess! The students will have been drinking again. > She will have lost her key...
