Download Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Absolute Monarchs in Europe
World History Chapter 5 Review
A Powerful Spanish Empire
– The Hapsburg Emperor, Charles V (Ruler of the Holy Roman
Empire, the Austrian Empire, the Spanish Empire, and many
states in Italy) divided his Empire between his sons.
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Phillip II’s Empire
– Phillip II inherited the Spanish Empire (along with the Spanish
Netherlands a.k.a. Holland) and all American colonies.
– Seized the Portuguese Kingdom (and all colonies) when the
Portuguese King died without an heir.
– Immense wealth (King gets 1/5 to ¼ of all shipments.
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By 1600, 339,000 pounds of gold
Between 1550 and 1650, 16,000 tons of silver
This wealth supported a standing army of 50,000 and a large fleet
Defender of Catholicism
– Reconquista – driving the Moors from Spain
– Wars during Reformation
– In 1571, Battle of Lepanto (naval battle between Ottoman
Empire and Spanish/Italian fleet) begins the decline of the
Ottomans
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One of the most important battles between Christians and
Muslims
– 1588, Spanish Armada tried to crush England (Elizabeth I)
Golden Age of Spanish Art and
Literature
• El Greco and Velazquez
– “The Greek”
– Famous Painters
• Don Quixote (1605)
– Birth of the modern
European novel
– Poor nobleman who
reads many books
decides to go questing
– Mocking commentary
or idealistic romantic?
The Spanish Empire Weakens
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Inflation and Taxes
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Making Spain’s Enemies Rich
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Wealth from the “New World” caused inflation
Jews and Moors expelled (many artisans)
Nobles did not pay taxes
Spanish industry was mired in Trade Guild politics, making
Spanish goods more expensive
Bought needed goods from France, England, Netherlands
(making those countries richer)
Borrowed money from Italian and German bankers to
finance wars
Went bankrupt three times
The Dutch Revolt
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The Netherlands were more industrious and middle class
than the Spanish, and hit by more taxes.
Spanish tried to stamp out Calvinism (many Dutch
congregations)
In 1566, angry mobs attacked Catholic churches, and in
1568, the Spanish Duke of Alva executed 1500 Dutch
Protestants.
The revolt lasted 11 years, until the northern provinces
declared independence (Holland) and the southern
counties chose to remain with Spain (Belgium)
The Bleeding Ulcer
The Independent Dutch Prosper
• Dutch Art
– Rembrandt van Rijm
– Jan Vermeer
• Dutch Trading Empire
– The Dutch were avid traders,
and by 1636 the Dutch trading
fleets numbered about 4800
ships, more than any other
country
– Dutch East India Company
– Gradually, Dutch banks
replaced Italian banks
Absolutism in Europe
• The Theory of Absolutism
– Total control
– Divine Right
• Growing Power of Europe’s Monarchs
– Reduced Church authority and increased trade
and Nationalism leads to more power for Kings
• Crisis Leads to Absolutism
– Near constant warfare from fighting religious
wars, wars of territorial control, wars to control
the New World, wars to control trade leads
many monarchs to try to consolidate power to
raise taxes to fight wars.
– All of this leads to heavy taxation of the poor,
repression, and unrest and even rebellions.
Religious Wars and Power Struggle
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Henry of Navarre
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King Henry II of France had four sons, three ruled, but were
all incompetent. Their mother Catherine de Medici was the
real power behind the throne, but her time was racked with
religious conflict between the Catholics and the Huguenots,
who fought eight wars.
In 1572, during an important Huguenot wedding (Henry of
Navarre and Catherine de Medici’s daughter), Catholics
attacked and started a massacre across Paris and France that
lasted six weeks.
Surviving the St Bartholomew Day massacre, Henry outlived
Catherine and her sons, and become King Henry IV 1589.
Henry IV converted to Catholicism, “Paris is worth a Mass”
Henry IV declared religious tolerance in the Edict of Nantes
1598.
This religious tolerance was not approved by all, and a
religious fanatic jumped into his carriage and stabbed him to
death 1610.
Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
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A weak king with a strong advisor
The Cardinal was ambitious and very clever. Even though
France was surrounded by the Hapsburgs, Richelieu not only
challenged Hapsburg power, but built a strong France.
Richelieu weakened the power of the nobility by denying
fortified towns and castles (making them vulnerable to the
King), and by using commoners as agents of the government,
instead of nobles.
Cardinal Richelieu also involved France in the Thirty Years War
Writers Turn Toward Skepticism
• Montaigne and Descartes
– Skepticism is the idea that nothing can be known
for certain, and to doubt or question old truths was
the beginnings of finding the truth.
– Michel de Montaigne, thinking deeply about life’s
meaning, started writing in a new form, called an
essay.
– Montaigne wrote in one essay, that old beliefs,
once accepted as the truth, are replaced by new
beliefs. He believed that in the future, newer
beliefs would replace the now accepted belief, and
thus, we will never really know the truth.
– Descartes questioned the idea that we can be
certain of anything. “I think, therefore, I am”
Louis XIV Comes to Power
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Louis the Boy King (1643r)
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L’Etat, c’est moi (I am the State)
Cardinal Mazarin – raised taxes, strengthened the state
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Rebellion (by the nobles) against Mazarin for taxes and reduced
power of nobility 1648 – 1653
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Louis Weakens the Nobles’ Authority
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Nobles didn’t trust each other
Violent repression
Peasant tired of war
When Mazarin dies, a 22 year old Louis XIV took control, and
remembering the noble rebellions, weakened the nobles by
excluding them from councils. Created intendants to collect
taxes and administer justice (commoners).
Economic Growth
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Jean Babtist Colbert – minister of finance
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Wanted a self-sufficient France
Tax incentives for French business
High tariffs on imported goods
Colonies for raw materiels
After Colbert’s death in 1685, Louis XIV repealed the Edict of
Nantes, forcing Huguenots to flee France, many of whom
were the very artisans they needed
The Sun King’s Grand Style
• Louis Controls the Nobility
– Louis spent vast amounts to
surround himself with luxury and
opulence. Nobles were forced to
attend the King, even to the point
of dressing him.
– Nobles at Versailles, control
• Patronage of the Arts
– Louis XIV spent lavishly on the
arts, opera, paintings, to glorify
himself and his values.
• Middles ages art for God
• Renaissance art for human potential
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
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Attempt’s to Expand France’s Boundaries
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France was on of the largest (20 million people) and most
prosperous countries in Europe
Gained several towns from the Spanish Netherlands, until the
Netherlanders flooded the countryside for defense, ends with the
Treaty of Nijmegen (1667 – 1678)
Other European countries banded together to stand against France,
League of Augsburg
War of the Spanish Succession
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Spanish king Charles II dies childless and his heir was the 16 year
old son of Louis XIV, Phillip of Anjou. This would unite two of the
most powerful European states, and the other countries fought to
prevent this.
The war lasted 13 years from 1701 to 1714, and ended with the
Treaty of Utrecht.
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Phillip would keep Spain, but the thrones were not to be united.
Britain gained Gibraltar, and the right to carry slaves to the Spanish
colonies
France gave Great Britain most of the rest of the American colonies of
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay.
Austrian Hapsburgs took the Spanish Netherlands, and Spanish lands in
Italy.
Prussia and Savoy recognized as kingdoms.
Louis’s Death and Legacy
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Wars nearly ruined France
High taxes and debt
Very powerful state
Strong military
The Thirty Years’ War
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The 1555 Peace of Augsberg let German Princes determine the religion of
their subjects, which would not last.
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Bohemian Protestants Revolt
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A Swedish King, Gustavus Adolphus fought the Hapsburgs, but died in1632.
Richelieu and Mazarin, fearing Hapsburg Power, fought with the
Protestants 1635.
Peace of Westphalia 1648
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From Austria to Spain, the first 12 years, Hapsburgs crushed protestant
armies. Ferdinand II let his troops plunder for their pay, Germany
suffered.
Hapsburg Defeats
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In 1618, future Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, a Catholic, closed
several Protestant churches, this led to revolts, and the Thirty Years War.
Hapsburg Triumphs
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Protestant Union 1608
Catholic League 1609
Germany had lost about 20% of it’s population
Weakened Austria and Spain
Stronger France (added German territory)
German Prices independent of the Holy Roman Emperor
Ended Religious wars in Europe
Introduced new peacemaking methods, still used today.
Beginning of Modern States
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Recognition that European states are independent and equal. Beginnings
of the modern state (country).
States Form in Central Europe
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Economic Contrasts with the West
– In west, serfs get more freedom, move to towns and
industry.
– In east, more authoritarian, no freedom for serfs.
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Several Weak Empires
– Strong aristocracy prevents formation of strong king
and central state.
– Holy Roman and Ottoman Empires weakening.
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Austria Grows Stronger
– Austrian Hapsburgs grow stronger, centralize
authority, stamp out Protestantism, capture Hungary
from Ottomans (1699).
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Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne
– Hapsburg Emperor Charles IV tried to keep all of the
possessions of the Empire and leave them to his
Daughter Maria Theresa, but war instead.
Prussia Challenges Austria
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The Rise of Prussia
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Frederick the Great
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Fredric Williams son became known as Frederick the Great, carried on
his fathers policies of militarization, but softened his rule with things
like religious tolerance.
The War of Austrian Succession
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In 1620, Fredrick William (the Great Elector), seeing the waste of the
Thirty Years War, decided that Prussia needed a standing army to
ensure safety.
Used taxation to create an army of 80,000.
Dropped title of Elector and took title of King, gave the Nobility
(Junkers) exclusive right to be officers in the army.
Maria 1740r, attacked by Frederick the Great for the area of Silesia.
Great Britain joined to fight France, Prussia’s ally.
Maria lost Silesia (1748) Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia become
major power
The Seven Years War
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Austria allied with France and Russia
Prussia allied with Great Britain
In 1756, Prussia attacked Saxony, and Austrian ally, soon everyone was
at war.
Fought in North America, Europe, India, 1756-1763, the war changed
little in Europe, but North America and India both became British
prizes.
The First Czar
– Land of Rus
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Started by Varangian’s (Swedish Vikings)between 300 and 800 CE
Trade between Baltic and Black Sea
Slavic and Byzantine heritage
Overrun by Mongol Horde
Rule by Terror
– Ivan III(1462r-1505) Drove out Mongols
– Vasily, Ivan III’s son, ruled for 28 years, expanded territory
– Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible (1533r at 4 years old)
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Struggled with Boyars (Russian Nobles) for control, at age 16
crowned himself Tzar (Tsar, Czar, Caesar)
Married Anastasia Romanov (old boyar family)
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Anastasia dies
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1547-1560 the Good years, added to territory, code of laws ruled justly
Accusing the boyars of poisoning his wife, Ivan turned against them
Created secret police to kill his enemies, wiped out whole families and
their serfs, gave land to loyal boyars
Ivan killed his first son in quarrel, second son was weak ruler
Rise of the Romanovs
– Time of Troubles – many heirs died, boyars struggle for throne
– To end troubles, boyars voted on a new ruler, Michael Romanov,
grandnephew of Anastasia (Ivan the Terrible’s wife) 1613
– Family will rule for 300 years, ending with the communist
revolution.
Peter the Great Comes to Power
– The Romanovs strengthened the government,
increased territory, fought wars
– Peter the Great came to rule in 1696, and was known
as a great reformer
• Russia Contrasts with Europe
– Russia had a very strong noble class, boyars, who
refused to give up any power, especially over the serfs
(peasants treated like slaves)
– Russian Orthodoxy
– Lack of contact, warm water ports (Archangel)
• Peter Visits the West
– Peter was passionate about technology and ships,
when his rule began 1696, he left on a grand tour of
Europe.
– He learned about many things, and brought them
home to Russia, westernization
Peter Rules Absolutely
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Peter’s Reforms
– Brought orthodox church under state control
– Reduced power of nobles
– Began modernizing army with western advisors
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Westernizing Russia
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Introduced Potatoes
First Russian newspaper
Raised women’s status
Ordered nobles to shave and wear western suits
Started schools for navigation, arts, sciences
Establishing St Petersburg
– Peter wanted a port to the west on the Baltic, fought Sweden
– Founded St Petersburg, port to the west.
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Between 25,000 to 100,000 died creating the city
People forced to move to St Petersburg
Peter dies, 1725
– Modernized Russia to a great extent
– St Petersburg became a busy port
Monarchs Defy Parliament
– During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, she often fought
with Parliament for money, a limit to the absolute power
of English Monarchs.
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James’s Problems
– Elizabeth I died without an heir
– James Stuart, cousin of Elizabeth, King of Scotland
becomes king of England and Scotland
– Also fought with Parliament over money
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Charles I Fights Parliament
– Charles I, son of James I, took the throne in 1625, also
argued with Parliament, while fighting wars with France
and Spain
– Charles dissolved parliament in 1625, then had to call it
back in 1628
– Agreed to (and then ignored) a list of conditions:
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Will not imprison subjects without due cause
Will not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent
Will not house soldiers in private homes
Will not impose martial law in peacetime
– Dissolved parliament again in 1629, raised fees and fines,
popularity dropped quickly
The English Civil War
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War Topples a King
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Charles offended Presbyterians and Puritans by promoting the Anglican faith (Church of
England)
The Scotts rebelled, raised a huge army and threatened to invade England
Charles needed money, so he called Parliament, and this allowed Parliament to fight back
In 1641, Parliament passed laws to limit royal power, Charles tried to arrest the leaders, but
they escaped
A mob of Londoners stormed the palace, and Charles fled to the north of England where he
had supporters
From 1642 to 1649, the English Civil War, Royalists vs Parliament
After years of stalemate, Parliament enlisted Oliver Cromwell to lead their forces, and in a
few years, Charles was captured.
Parliament found Charles guilty of treason, and publically executed him
Cromwell’s Rule
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In 1649, Cromwell took charge of the new Commonwealth of England.
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Fought Irish rebellion
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Monarchy and House of Lords were abolished
John Lambert, crafted a Constitution for the Commonwealth, the first of it’s kind.
Cromwell eventually ripped up the Constitution and became a military dictator
Ireland colonization began 1100 under Henry II
Henry VIII took firm control in the 1500’s
The fighting and diseases claimed 100,000’s of lives
Puritan Morality
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Cromwell and the Puritans tried to remake English society
Abolished sinful activities
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Theater
Sporting events
Dancing
Religious tolerance
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Allowed Jews to return, first time since 1290
Restoration and Revolution
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Charles II Reigns
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After Cromwell’s death in 1658, the governemt quickly fell
apart, and the English people were tired of military rule
The son of Charles I was asked to take the throne
Charles II returns to London with cheering crowds, the
Restoration
Passed new laws
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Charles II had no children, so his heir was his brother James,
who was a Catholic
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Habeas Corpus
Whigs opposed James
Tories supported James
James II and the Glorious Revolution
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When Charles II died in 1685, James II became king
Immediately he replaced many high officials with Catholic
friends, violating English law
When Parliament objected, he dissolved Parliament
Alarmed by the prospect of a line of Catholic kings,
Parliament offered the throne to James's oldest daughter
Mary, who was protestant.
Mary, married to William of Orange of the Netherlands,
overthrew the court of King James II, who fled the country in
a bloodless revolution, The Glorious Revolution.
Limits on a Monarch’s Power
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Bill of Rights
– In order to gain the throne with the help of Parliament,
Mary had to agree to a constitutional monarchy
– English Bill of Rights
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No suspending of Parliament laws
No levy of taxes without approval of Parliament
Freedom of speech
No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king for redress of
grievances
Cabinet System Develops
– After 1688, the Crown could not operate without
Parliament, and Parliament could not operate without the
approval of the Crown. When they disagreed,
government could grind to a halt
– To correct this, the Cabinet system formed. The Cabinet
was formed with people from Parliament, as a go
between of the Crown and the Parliament. This system
still is in use today.