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Gender, Age, and Health
Chapter 10: Gender
Section 1: Gender
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Section 1: Gender
Main Idea
• Individuals learn appropriate gender behavior through socialization.
In many societies, gender roles lead to social inequality.
Reading Focus
• How are gender roles and identity formed?
• How does gender play into social inequality in the United States?
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
How did expectations
about women in the
workplace change
over time?
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Gender Roles and Identity
Gender is the behavior and psychological traits considered
appropriate for men and women. Gender roles are the specific
behaviors established by society for men and women. Gender
identity is the awareness of being masculine or feminine as
defined by society.
Between Cultures
• Margaret Mead studied
expectations across three
cultures and found differences.
• Differences are seen as proof
that gender is social, not
biological.
Gender Identity &
Socialization
• Babies are given different toys.
• Expected behavior, interests,
and strengths are different for
young boys and girls.
• Expectations are learned early.
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Gender Roles and
Social Inequality
• In most societies, gender is the
primary factor used to
determine a person’s social
standing.
• Sociologists ask why this is.
• One widely held view is that
gender inequality is related to
human reproduction.
• Over time patriarchy, a system
in which men are dominant over
women, arose.
• Conflict perspective suggests
that male control of economic
and political spheres have
reinforced their dominant
position.
• The idea of institutionalized
discrimination is sometimes
given as a reason for
inequality.
• Sexism is the belief that one
sex is by nature superior to the
other.
• Sexism becomes a
self-fulfilling prophecy.
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Reading Check
Sequence
How have gender roles changed over time?
Answer: Roles are less restrictive for women, who
are more strongly encouraged now to have
careers and other roles outside the home.
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Gender Inequality in the United States
The Women’s Movement
Education
• Officially begun in 1848
• Since 1979, more women
than men in college
• Demanded suffrage, the
right to vote
• Used civil disobedience
• Resurfaced in 1970s
• Women focus on education
and humanities, while men
focus on engineering and the
professions
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Gender Inequality in the United States (cont.)
Work
Politics
• Wage gap—The level of
women’s income relative to
that of men
• Women make up 52 percent
of voting-age people, but
only between 16 and 24
percent of elected offices
• Glass ceiling—The invisible
barrier that prevents women
from gaining upper-level
positions
• Some women have been
appointed to high office
• Second shift—The work a
working mother does in the
home
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Gender, Age, and Health
Original Content Copyright © Holt McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.