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SH 316- Speech Science Syllabus • Office hours: T, TH: 11-12:30pm (by appointment) W119 Thompson • TA (Donna Eduardo): W112 Thompson • Text: The Speech Sciences (1998), Raymond Kent. Readings • Reading for Feb 5: – From: Respiratory Function in Speech & Song • Available in Reed library(reserve) and 3 copies on my door (W119) • Reading for Feb 12: – From: Journal of Voice • 3 copies will be provided for photocopying Course Description • Topics: – Basic concepts in physics & mathematics – Review of subsystems of speech – Neurology: Anatomy & physiology – Physiologic & acoustic phonetics – Speech perception – Applied speech science Lectures • Outline of material • Lectures available on the web Exams • • • • 4 exams: Multiple choice and true/false 60% of the final grade (20% each) Final cumulative exam- 20% Exam critiques – Half sheet of 8.5 x 11 paper – Critiques in writing Presentation • Topics: speech instrumentation • Groups: 3 people 2 groups will have 4 members • about 30 minutes per group member • April 18-May 9 (sign-up) • 15% for oral presentation • 5% for presentation quizzes – 2 questions per presentation Sources in Speech: Informational • Information of sound signal –age –gender –emotion Phonetic quality • Linguistic content • Derive meaning from language • Phonetic imprint (native language) Affective quality • Paralinguistic (accompanies linguistics) – Emotion – Contribute to message – Animals & humans produce affect in communication – Vocalizations may carry information with no linguistic information Personal quality • Extralinguistic (outside normal linguistics of speech) • Information about the talker – gender, age, state of health – Identify through specific characteristics of voice Transmittal quality • Information of speakers location – – – – distance orientation in space background noise environmental acoustic influence (reverberation) • Listener makes adjustments Theories: Speech Production & Perception • Models: – Neural: nervous system processes that control speech. – Articulatory: Describes movements in speech production – Vocal tract: Describes the shape of the vocal tract in speech production. Applied Speech Science • Question? How is speech produced & how is it perceived? – Assessment & treatment of speech disorders – Forensic purposes : tape recordings Theories: Speech Production & Perception • Models (cont.) – Functional: General functions of events in the formulation & execution of speech events. – Motor control: Accounts for patterns of muscle activity in the speech production system. Basic Concepts: Physics Principals of Physics: Speech • Airflow & Speech production – Physics of fluids • Sound generation, acoustic resonance & analysis – Physics of sound Fluids • Gases & liquids = Fluids • Air = Gas – Provides basic energy for speech • Fluid mechanics: Study of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) • Hydrodynamics: flow of low velocity gases Hydrodynamics • Fluid = tiny particles (small volume) • Particles in motion • Eulerian Method: Flow characteristic as a group of particles Pressure • Pressure= Force per unit area – P=F/A (F= Force; A= Area) • F= Ma (M= mass; a= acceleration) • Force unit used in speech? – Pa (Pascal) = force of 1 newton (N) on 1 square meter • 1N= 1 kg m/s2 • 1 Pa is large compared to pressure measures made in speech: Use (mPa) Volume • Volume= quantity of air in a vessel or space – Measured in liters (l) of milliliters (ml) • Speech may use cubic centimeters (cc) • Speech example= Vital capacity – Normal= 3.5-6.1 liters Flow • Flow= quantity of gas that moves through a given area in a unit of time • Speech- Measure flow in liters/second – Example: Sustained phonation of a vowel – 100 ml per second (Women) – 110 ml per second (Men) • If an adult female phonates a vowel for 10 seconds, what would be the total volume of air used? • About 1 liter Pressure vs. Flow • Pressure travels from regions of high pressure to low pressure – Respiration • air inspired into the lungs- expansion of chest wall and increases volume (Patm is high; Palv is low) • air expired out of lungs- deflate lungs increasing pressure • High pressure generates high flow (in resp. system). Flow •Incompressible & ideal flow –No frication & streamlined •Streamlines are parallel to direction of flow Bernoulli Principle • The total mechanical energy of the fluid is constant along a streamline. • Balance between kinetic & potential energy • As velocity of flow increases, pressure decreases – Nozzels, flow devices Bernoulli Principle Region 1 to Region 2 to Region 3: Total energy decreases; Lost to friction Region 2 : Constriction; fluid velocity & kinetic energy increases; decrease in potential energy; pressure decreases Region 3 : Tube widens; fluid velocity decreases; kinetic energy to pressure energy Ex. Air travel through resp. system; loss of energy through viscous frication. Types of Flow •Laminar: Particles of fluid follow streamline –Low velocity; pressure & flow is linear •Turbulent: Fluid particles complex motion –High flow; pressure & flow nonlinear –Eddies produced Flows: Speech Sounds • Vowels: Laminar flow (sonorants: nasals, vowels & liquids) • Fricatives: turbulent flow