Download human_growth_la

Module 10 Lab Worksheet: Human
Development and Growth
Introduction
This week’s lab will examine the fertilization process, development of an embryo
and fetus, changes to the female during pregnancy and the parturition process.
Objectives
Objectives for this week’s lab include: 1) Describe the process of fertilization, 2)
Compare and contrast embryonic and fetal development, and 3) Identify the
changes within the organ systems of a female during pregnancy, and 4) Describe the
parturition process.
Overview
Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell penetrates an egg cell and the two haploid
cells combine to form a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes in a human. There are
numerous obstacles and challenges for a sperm and egg cell to combine starting
with the fact that many sperm cells do not even make it to the uterine tube where
the egg is located after they are deposited into the vagina. Many leak out of the
vagina right after being deposited, many others are killed from the acidic
environment of the vagina and if the cervical mucus is thicken, this will prevent
many sperm from reaching the uterus. Outside of those obstacles, there are white
blood cells that will destroy the sperm and they must have enough energy and the
ability to swim/propel themselves to the uterine tubes. Of the millions of sperm
that are ejaculated into the vagina, only a few hundred to a few thousand will reach
the uterine tubes.
Once the sperm reach the uterine tube they must undergo a few processes,
capacitation and acrosomal reactions to become viable to penetrate the egg cell.
Once a sperm cell penetrates an egg cell, the cortical reaction occurs to prevent
another sperm from entering and creating a cell with too many chromosomes. Once
fertilized, the cell will undergo cleavage- rapid mitotic cellular divisions to
eventually form a blastocyst. The blastocyst is what implants into the endometrium
of the uterus and is a fluid filled hollow sphere that contains a mass of inner cells
that eventually form the embryonic disc and ultimately the embryo.
Embryonic development occurs from week 03 to week 08 after fertilization in which
the three primary germ layers develop- ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These
three germ layers eventually develop into all of the organs and tissues of the body.
For example, the endoderm forms the gastrointestinal tract and organs of the
digestive system.
Fetal development occurs from week 09 to birth and consists of the cells
differentiating into specialized cells such as neurons and muscle cells. During this
time, there are many changes to the mother’s physiology of her organ systems due
to the development and growth of the fetus such as, increased urine production with
a decrease in bladder capacity, morning sickness and heartburn along with increase
in blood volume and blood pressure.
Parturition is the termination of pregnancy due to the delivery of the baby. There
are a number of events and hormone changes that need to occur for labor to be
triggered. The process of labor is divided into three stages: Dilation, expulsion and
placental stages. At one minute and five minutes after birth, the infant’s physical
status is assessed which is called the Apgar score. The Apgar score assesses five
signs: Heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflex. Each score is assessed
from 0-2 and an overall score of 8-10 indicates a healthy baby.
Materials


Markers of various colors
Paper presentations
Pre-Lab Evaluation Questions
The pre-lab evaluation questions must be answered prior to lab and demonstrated
to your lab instructor. You must read through the assigned chapter readings, lab
introduction, objectives, overview and procedure to answer these questions.
Please cite your work for any reference source you utilize in answering these
questions.
1. In your own words, describe the role and function of the capacitation process
and acrosomal reaction.
2. In your own words, briefly describe the blastocyst formation and
implantation of it within the endometrium.
3. Briefly describe embryonic development and the role of the primary germ
layers.
4. What is the placenta, how is it formed and the role it plays within fetal
development?
5. In your own words, describe the physiological changes that occur within a
female to the cardiovascular, digestive and urinary systems during
pregnancy.
Part 01 Procedure: Fertilization Process
1. Separate into groups of 2-4 and utilizing the color markers, pencils, makers,
paper presentations pads, along with your knowledge and creativity, create a
presentation that demonstrates and discusses the process of fertilization.
Make sure to include:
a. Pathway of sperm through the female reproductive system
b. Pathway of an ovum through the female reproductive system
c. Obstacles/challenges that the sperm will encounter on its passage to
the ovum
d. The process of fertilization
2. When completed, share your presentation with another group or the class.
Part 02 Procedure: Fetal Development
1. Separate into groups of 2-4 and utilizing the color markers, pencils, makers,
paper presentations pads, along with your knowledge and creativity, create a
presentation that demonstrates and discusses the process of fetal develop.
Make sure to include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Major growth developments in the first trimester
Major growth developments in the second trimester
Major growth developments in the third trimester
The role of the placenta
2. When completed, share your presentation with another group or the class.
Part 03 Procedure: The Pregnant Mother
1. Separate into groups of 2-4 and utilizing the color markers, pencils, makers,
paper presentations pads, along with your knowledge and creativity, create a
presentation that demonstrates and discusses the organ system changes that
occur in a pregnant female. Make sure to include:
a. The specific changes that occur in each of the organ systems including
the reproductive system and complications of it
2. When completed, share your presentation with another group or the class.
Part 04 Procedure: Laboratory Classroom Discussion
1. Separate into groups of 2-4 and review the questions on the handout that the
lab instructor will provide. Share your thoughts and opinions with your
group members on these questions. Please remember to be professional,
courtesy and respectful of your classmate’s opinions and thoughts.
2. After briefly discussing these questions with your group members, your lab
instructor will facilitate a classroom discussion on these questions. Please
remember to be professional and respectful of your classmates’ opinions and
thoughts.
Post-Lab Evaluation Questions
The post lab evaluation questions must be completed prior to your submission of
the lab. Answers for these questions will be derived from the lab protocol, the
weekly concepts associated with the lab and possibly research content from the
book and/or online resources.
Please cite your work for any reference source you utilize in answering these
questions.
1. How does an IUD (intrauterine device) and the birth control shot prevent
pregnancy from occurring? How does a tubal ligation and vasectomy prevent
pregnancy from occurring?
2. What is the difference between identical and non-identical twins, including
how they formed?
3. Compare and contrast the cause, treatments and complications of the
following sexual transmitted diseases: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes
simplex type 2?
4. What and why are their concerns with women over the age of 35 becoming
pregnant?
5. What is the difference between in-vitro fertilization and artificial
insemination process for pregnancy?