Download Ecology

Chapter 52
An Introduction to Ecology
and the Biosphere
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Key concepts
1. Ecology is to study “interaction”
within, between, and across
species, as well as the environment.
2. Ecology is an integrated discipline.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Scope of Ecology
• Ecology is the scientific study of the
interactions between organisms and the
environment
• These interactions determine distribution of
organisms and their abundance
• Ecology reveals the richness of the biosphere
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 52-1
Why do gray whales migrate?
• Organismal ecology studies how an
organism‟s structure, physiology, and (for
animals) behavior meet environmental
challenges
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• A population is a group of individuals of the
same species living in an area
• Population ecology focuses on factors
affecting how many individuals of a species live
in an area
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• A community is a group of populations of
different species in an area
• Community ecology deals with the whole
array of interacting species in a community
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• An ecosystem is the community of organisms
in an area and the physical factors with which
they interact
• Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow
and chemical cycling among the various biotic
and abiotic components
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• A landscape is a mosaic of connected
ecosystems
• Landscape ecology deals with arrays of
ecosystems and how they are arranged in a
geographic region
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• The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the
sum of all the planet‟s ecosystems
• Global ecology examines the influence of
energy and materials on organisms across the
biosphere
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 52-2
Organismal
ecology
Population
ecology
Community
ecology
Ecosystem
ecology
Landscape
ecology
Global
ecology
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 52-3
Ecology has a long history as a descriptive science,
but it is also a rigorous experimental science
Trough
Pipe
“Dry”
“Wet”
“Ambient”
Studying how a forest responds to altered precipitation
Ecology and Environmental Issues
• Ecology
– Provides the scientific understanding
underlying environmental issues
• Rachel Carson
Silent Spring (1962)
“The „control of nature‟ is a
phrase conceived in
arrogance, born of the
Neanderthal age of biology
and philosophy, when it was
supposed that nature exists for
the convenience of man.”
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Concept 52.2: Interactions between organisms and
the environment limit the distribution of species
• Ecologists recognize two kinds of factors that
determine distribution: biotic, or living factors,
and abiotic, or nonliving factors
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 52-5
Kangaroos/km2
0–0.1
0.1–1
1–5
5–10
10–20
> 20
Limits of
distribution
Distribution and abundance of the
red kangaroo in Australia, based
on aerial surveys
Fig. 52-6
Flowchart of factors limiting geographic distribution
Why is species X absent
from an area?
Yes
Does dispersal
limit its
distribution?
No
Area inaccessible
or insufficient time
Does behavior
limit its
distribution?
Yes
Habitat selection
Yes
No
Do biotic factors
(other species)
limit its
distribution?
No
Predation, parasitism, Chemical
competition, disease factors
Do abiotic factors
limit its
distribution?
Water
Oxygen
Salinity
pH
Soil nutrients, etc.
Temperature
Physical Light
factors Soil structure
Fire
Moisture, etc.
Fig. 52-7
Natural range
expansions show
the influence of
dispersal on
distribution
Current
1970
1966
1965
1960
Dispersal of the cattle
egret in the Americas
1961
1943
1958
1951
1956
1970
1937
Species Transplants
• Species transplants include organisms that are
intentionally or accidentally relocated from their
original distribution
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Behavior and Habitat Selection
• Some organisms do not occupy all of their
potential range
• Species distribution may be limited by habitat
selection behavior
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Fig. 52-8
Does feeding by sea urchins limit seaweed
distribution?
RESULTS
100
Seaweed cover (%)
80
Both limpets and urchins
removed
Sea urchin
Only urchins
removed
60
Limpet
40
Only limpets removed
Control (both urchins
and limpets present)
20
0
August
1982
February
1983
August
1983
February
1984
Biotic Factors
• Biotic factors that affect the distribution of
organisms may include:
– Interactions with other species
– Predation
– Competition
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Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic factors affecting distribution of
organisms include:
– Temperature
– Water
– Sunlight
– Wind
– Rocks and soil
• Most abiotic factors vary in space and time
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 52-9
Fig. 52-10a
Latitudinal Variation in Sunlight Intensity
90ºN (North Pole)
60ºN
Low angle of incoming sunlight
30ºN
23.5ºN (Tropic of
Cancer)
Sun directly overhead at equinoxes
0º (equator)
23.5ºS (Tropic of
Capricorn)
30ºS
Low angle of incoming sunlight
60ºS
90ºS (South Pole)
Atmosphere
Seasonal Variation in Sunlight Intensity
60ºN
30ºN
March equinox
0º (equator)
June solstice
30ºS
Constant tilt
of 23.5º
September equinox
December solstice
Fig. 52-10d
Global Air Circulation and Precipitation Patterns
60ºN
30ºN
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
0º (equator)
30ºS
60ºS
30º 23.5º
Arid
zone
Ascending
moist air
releases
moisture
0º
Tropics
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
23.5º 30º
Arid
zone
Global Wind Patterns
66.5ºN
(Arctic Circle)
60ºN
Westerlies
30ºN
Northeast trades
Doldrums
Southeast trades
0º
(equator)
30ºS
Westerlies
60ºS
66.5ºS
(Antarctic Circle)
Fig. 52-11
The great ocean conveyor belt
Labrador
current
Gulf
stream
Equator
Cold water
Fig. 52-12
2 Air cools at
3 Cooler
high elevation.
air sinks
over water.
1 Warm air
over land rises.
4 Cool air over water
moves inland, replacing
rising warm air over land.
Moderating
effects of a large
body of water on
climate
Fig. 52-13
How mountains affect rainfall
Wind
direction
Leeward side
of mountain
Mountain
range
Ocean
Current range and predicted range for the American beech
(Fagus grandifolia) under two scenarios of climate change
Current
range
Predicted
range
Overlap
(a) 4.5ºC warming over
next century
(b) 6.5ºC warming over
next century
Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and
dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
• Biomes are the major ecological associations
that occupy broad geographic regions of land
or water
• Varying combinations of biotic and abiotic
factors determine the nature of biomes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 52-15
The distribution of major aquatic biomes
30ºN
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
30ºS
Lakes
Coral reefs
Rivers
Oceanic
pelagic and
benthic zones
Estuaries
Intertidal zones
Fig. 52-16
Zonation in aquatic environments
Intertidal zone
Oceanic zone
Neritic zone
Littoral
zone
Limnetic
zone
0
Photic zone
200 m
Continental
shelf
Benthic
zone
Photic
zone
Benthic
zone
Pelagic
zone
Pelagic
zone
Aphotic
zone
2,000–6,000 m
Abyssal zone
(a) Zonation in a lake
(b) Marine zonation
Aphotic
zone
Fig. 52-17-5
Seasonal turnover in lakes with winter ice cover
Winter
Summer
Spring
2º
4º
4º
4º
4ºC
0º
4º
4º
4º
4º
4º
Autumn
20º
18º
8º
6º
5º
4ºC
4ºC
Thermocline
22º
4º
4º
4º
4º
4ºC
4º
Fig. 52-18a
An oligotrophic lake in Grand
Teton National Park, Wyoming
Fig. 52-18b
A eutrophic lake in the
Okavango Delta, Botswana
Fig. 52-18c
Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia
Fig. 52-18d
A headwater stream in the Great
Smoky Mountains
Fig. 52-18e
The Mississippi River far from
its headwaters
Fig. 52-18f
An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia
Fig. 52-18g
Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast
Fig. 52-18h
Open ocean off the island of Hawaii
Fig. 52-18i
A coral reef in the Red Sea
Fig. 52-18j
A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
Fig. 52-19
The distribution of major terrestrial biomes
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
30ºN
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
30ºS
Chaparral
Temperate
grassland
Temperate
broadleaf forest
Northern
coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountains
Polar ice
Fig. 52-20
Climograph
Annual mean temperature (ºC)
Desert
Temperate grassland
Tropical forest
30
Temperate
broadleaf
forest
15
Northern
coniferous
forest
0
Arctic and
alpine
tundra
–15
0
100
200
400
300
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
Fig. 52-21a
A tropical rain forest in Borneo
Fig. 52-21b
A desert in the southwestern
United States
Fig. 52-21c
A savanna in Kenya
Fig. 52-21d
An area of chaparral
in California
Fig. 52-21e
Sheyenne National Grassland
in North Dakota
Fig. 52-21f
Rocky Mountain National Park
in Colorado
northern coniferous forest
Fig. 52-21g
Great Smoky Mountains
National Park in North Carolina
temperate broadleaf forest
Fig. 52-21h
Denali National Park, Alaska,
in autumn
tundra
You should now be able to:
1. Distinguish among the following types of
ecology: organismal, population, community,
ecosystem, and landscape
2. Explain how dispersal may contribute to a
species‟ distribution
3. Distinguish between the following pairs of
terms: potential and actual range, biotic and
abiotic factors, macroclimate and microclimate
patterns
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4. Explain how a body of water or mountain
range might affect regional climatic conditions
5. Define the following terms: photic zone,
aphotic zone, benthic zone, abyssal zone,
thermal stratification, thermocline, seasonal
turnover, climograph, disturbance
6. List and describe the characteristics of the
major aquatic biomes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
7. List and describe the characteristics of the
major terrestrial biomes
8. Compare the vertical layering of a forest and
grassland
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings