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Harker Heights High School Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 7: Skeletal System Part II 1 Bone Classification Bone Classification: • Long bones - femur (leg) • Short bones – tarsals (ankle) •Flat bones - skull • Irregular bones - vertebrae (b) (c) • Sesamoid bones - patella (knee cap) (d) (a) (e) 2 Parts of a Long Bone • Epiphysis • Distal • Proximal • Diaphysis • Compact bone • Spongy bone • Articular cartilage • Periosteum • Endosteum • Medullary cavity • Trabeculae • Bone marrow Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epiphyseal plates Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Space containing red marrow Endosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Diaphysis Periosteum Distal epiphysis • Red marrow and yellow marrow Femur 3 7.5: Skeletal Organization • The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person • Typically there are about 206 bones • For convenience the skeleton is divided into the: • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton 4 Divisions of the Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Axial Skeleton • Skull • Spine • Rib cage Cranium Skull Face Hyoid Clavicle Scapula Sternum Humerus Ribs Vertebral column • Appendicular Skeleton • Upper limbs • Lower limbs • Shoulder girdle • Pelvic girdle Vertebral column Hip bone Carpals Sacrum Radius Coccyx Ulna Femur Metacarpals Phalanges Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) (b) 5 7.6: Skull • Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones 6 Vertebral Column Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Cervical vertebrae (7) • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Lumbar vertebrae (5) • Sacral (4-5 fused segments) • Sacrum is fused bone • Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments) • Coccyx is fused bone Cervical curvature Cervical vertebrae Vertebra prominens Rib facet Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Sacral curvature Coccyx (a) (b) 7 Coccyx • A.k.a tailbone • 3-4 fused segments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sacral promontory Superior articular process Sacrum Anterior sacral foramen (a) Sacral canal Auricular surface Tubercle of median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx (b) 8 7.8: Thoracic Cage • The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum. 9 Thoracic Cage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Ribs (12) • Sternum • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Costal cartilages • Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs • Protects viscera • Role in breathing Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch 1 2 Manubrium 3 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Sternum Body 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Ribs 9 Costal cartilage 10 11 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) 10 (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Ribs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: • True ribs (7) • False ribs (5), of which: Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch 1 2 Manubrium 3 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) • Floating (2) 4 5 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 • There are some anomalies: • Cervical ribs • Lumbar ribs Sternum Body False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Ribs 9 Costal cartilage 10 11 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) 11 (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Sternum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Three (3) parts of the sternum: • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid process Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch 1 2 Manubrium 3 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Sternum Body 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Ribs 9 Costal cartilage 10 11 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) 12 (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Appendicular Skeleton 13 Appendicular Skeleton 14 7.9: Pectoral Girdle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Also known as the shoulder girdle • Clavicles • Scapulae • Supports upper limbs • True shoulder joint is simply the articulation of the humerus and scapula Acromial end Sternal end Acromion process Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Scapula Rib Costal cartilage Humerus Ulna Radius (a) 15 Clavicles – Collar Bones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Articulate with manubrium • Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) • A-C joint Acromial end Sternal end Acromion process Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Scapula Rib Costal cartilage Humerus Ulna Radius (a) 16 Scapulae – Shoulder Blades • Spine • Supraspinous fossa • Infraspinous fossa • Acromion process • Coracoid process • Glenoid fossa or cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior border Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Acromion process Acromion process Coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle Spine Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa (a) Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral (axillary) border Medial (vertebral) border (b) (c) 17 7.10: Upper Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Humerus • Radius • Ulna (Interosseous membrane) • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges Humerus Humerus Olecranon process Olecranon fossa Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna (c) Radius Ulna Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) (d) © Martin Rotker 18 Humerus – Upper arm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Head • Greater tubercle • Lesser tubercle • Anatomical neck • Surgical neck • Deltoid tuberosity • Capitulum • Trochlea • Coronoid fossa • Olecranon fossa •Lateral epicondyle •Medial epicondyle Greater tubercle Head Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Greater tubercle Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea (a) (b) 19 Radius Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Lateral forearm bone • Thumb side • Head • Radial tuberosity • Styloid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Trochlear notch Radial tuberosity Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process (a) Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius 20 Ulna Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Medial forearm bone • Pinkie side • Trochlear notch • Olecranon process • Coronoid process • Styloid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Trochlear notch Radial tuberosity Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process (a) Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius 21 Wrist and Hand • Carpal Bones (Wrist) (16 total bones) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Scaphoid • Lunate • Triquetral • Pisiform • Hamate • Capitate • Trapezoid • Trapezium Scaphoid Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Carpals (carpus) 1 1 Metacarpals (metacarpus) • Metacarpal Bones (Palms) (10) Phalanges • Phalangeal Bones (Fingers) (28) • Proximal phalanx • Middle phalanx • Distal phalanx Radius Ulna Lunate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Scaphoid Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium (a) 2 5 5 3 4 4 3 2 Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx (b) 22 7.11: Pelvic Girdle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. •Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones •Composed of three pairs of fused bones –Ilium –Ischium –Pubis Sacral canal Ilium Sacrum Sacral hiatus Coccyx Ischium (b) Pubis Obturator foramen Sacroiliac joint Ilium Sacral promontory Sacrum Acetabulum Pubis Symphysis pubis Pubic tubercle Ischium Pubic arch (a) 23 c: © Martin Rotker (c) Pelvic Girdle • The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis • It protects several organs – Reproductive organs – Urinary bladder – Part of the large intestine 24 Hip Bones • Also known as the ossa coxae: • Acetabulum • There are three (3) bones: 1. Ilium • Iliac crest • Iliac spines • Greater sciatic notch 2. Ischium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Ilium Anterior inferior iliac spine Ilium Posterior inferior iliac spine Obturator foramen Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Obturator foramen • Ischial spines • Lesser sciatic notch • Ischial tuberosity 3. Pubis • Obturator foramen • Symphysis pubis • Pubic arch Iliac crest Pubis Ischium Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic crest Ischium Pubis Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity (a) (b) 25 Differences Between Male and Female Pelves • The female inlet is larger and more circular • The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner • The female ilia flare more laterally • The female sacrum is shorter and less curved • The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is larger • The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater 26 Differences Between Male and Female Pelves Male Female 27 7.12: Lower Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges Femur Patella Femur Fibula Tibia (c)Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (b) (d)Posterior view 28 Femur (thigh bone) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Longest bone of body • Head • Fovea capitis • Neck • Greater trochanter • Lesser trochanter • Linea aspera • Condyles • Epicondyles Fovea capitis Neck Head Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Lateral epicondyle (a) Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral Medial condyle condyle Intercondylar fossa (b) 29 Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • A.k.a kneecap • Anterior surface of the knee Femur joint • Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon Femur Patella Fibula Tibia (c)Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (b) (d)Posterior view 30 Tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Aka shin bone • Medial to fibula • Condyles • Tibial tuberosity • Anterior crest • Makes the medial malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus 31 Fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Lateral to tibia • Long, slender • Head • Makes the lateral malleolus • Non weight bearing Lateral condyle Head of fibula Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus 32 Foot • Tarsal Bones (14) • Calcaneus – heel bone • Talus • Navicular • Cuboid • Lateral (3rd) cuneiform • Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform • Medial (1st) cuneiform Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibula Tibia Talus Medial cuneiformNavicular Metatarsals (metatarsus) • Metatarsal Bones (10) • Phalanges (28) Calcaneus Phalanges Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Tarsals (tarsus) • Proximal • Middle • Distal 33 Foot Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Calcaneus Talus Tarsals (tarsus) Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform 5 4 3 2 1 Metatarsals (metatarsus) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx (a) Phalanges 34 7.13: Lifespan Changes • Decrease in height at about age 30 • Calcium levels fall • Bones become brittle • Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts • Spongy bone weakens before compact bone • Bone loss rapid in menopausal women • Hip fractures common • Vertebral compression fractures common 35 Important Points in Chapter 7: Outcomes to be Assessed 7.1: Introduction Discuss the living tissues found in bone even though bone appears to be inert. 7.2: Bone Structure Classify bones according to their shapes and name an example from each group. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of a long bone and list the functions of these parts. 7.3: Bone Development and Growth Distinguish between intramembranous and endchondral bones and explain how such bones develop and grow. Describe the effects of sunlight, nutrition, hormonal secretions, and exercise on bone development and growth. 36 Important Points in Chapter 7: Outcomes to be Assessed 7.4: Bone Function Discuss the major functions of bone. 7.5: Skeletal Organization Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each. 7.6: Skull – 7.12: Lower Limb Locate and identify the bones and the major features of the bones that comprise the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb. Describe the differences between male and female skeletons. 7.13: Lifespan Changes Describe lifespan changes in the skeletal system. 37