Download A WORLD OF IDEAS [H]

A WORLD OF IDEAS [H]
1. HEGEL, GEORG WILELM FREDERICK
What was the name the
philosopher Hegel gave to the process he believed explained all of history
and existence, through which two contradictory forces are resolved in a
higher, more rational state? _____________________________________
2. According to Hegel, the clash of the thesis with its antithesis leads to a new
______________, and then the process is repeated again.
DISCUSS. Does history move in a certain direction or is it without pattern? If it
does have a direction, what is this direction and how would you explain the
existence of a pattern?
HEIDEGGER, MARTIN. DISCUSS: “In an absurd world, a wholehearted
commitment to life if what gives it meaning.”
3. HINDUISM.
What is the original meaning of the word “Hindu?”
__________ ______________________
4—7. List four characteristics of Hinduism that distinguish it from most other
world
religions.
____________________________________________;
__________________________________;
__________________________________.
________________________;
8. Why are some animals, such as cows and snakes, regarded as sacred in
Hinduism? ____________________________________________________
9—24. Place the following terms by the appropriate description: atman; avatars;
Bhagavad-Gita; Brahma; brahman; dharma; Hare Krishna; karma; moksha; Rama
and Khrishna; Ramayana; samsara; Shiva; Transcendental Meditation; Veda;
Vishnu.
TERM
DESCRIPTION
The source and essence of all life and reality.
The Hindu concept of the soul.
Literally “release,” it is the liberation from the cycle of birth,
death, and rebirth and the consequent union of one’s soul with
the universe – it is the ultimate goal of the individual Hindu.
Literally “wandering,” it is the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.
The soul’s destiny, it is determined by the cumulative effect of
good and evil actions in past lives.
The universal law and moral path to be followed in each stage of
life.
The creator-god and one of the three most important gods in the
Hindu pantheon.
The preserver god and one of the three most important gods in
the Hindu pantheon.
The destroyer god and one of the three most important gods in
the Hindu pantheon.
Separate incarnations (appearances in bodily form) of the same
basic god.
The two most important avatars of Vishnu.
Literally “sacred knowledge,” it is the most ancient Hindu
scripture and includes four collections of sacred hymns and
prayers, and the Upanishads, writings that explore the nature of
existence and life.
One of the two great epics in Hindu tradition, it tells the heroic
story of Rama, an avatar of Vishnu.
Literally “Song of the Lord,” it is part of the larger Mahabharata
and is typically regarded as the most important statement of
Hindu belief.
The popular name for the International Society of Krishna
Consciousness movement, its disciples seek enlightenment
through the study of the Vedic scriptures and the chanting of a
mantra in praise of Krishna and Rama.
A
Hindu-influenced
meditation
method
embraced
and
popularized by the Beatles.
DISCUSS.
What within Hinduism could be used to justify social inequality
amongst humans?
What within Hinduism could be used to justify equality
amongst humans?
DISCUSS.
Compare Shiva (who simultaneously is the destroyer and the
representative of fertility) with both the Virgin Mary and with the God of the
Christian tradition.
25.
HIPPOCRATES. An oath designed by Hippocrates has been used by
members
of
what
profession
for
more
than
2,000
years?
_______________
26—29. What, according to Hippocrates, were the four essential bodily fluids
that needed to be balanced in the human body?
________________;
____________; _________________; _________________
30.
Divided into the four categories choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and
melancholic, these were thought to explain human emotions and character.
__________________
31.
What second-century A.D. Roman physician further codified and expanded
upon Hippocrates’s theories? _______________
32.
HOBBES, THOMAS. What 1651 book outlined the English thinker
Thomas Hobbes’s political philosophy? ____________________
33—36. Place the following in the appropriate column: human soul as key to
explaining behavior; importance of individual freedom; life in state of nature as
“solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short;” necessity of government with
authoritarian power to prevent war of all against all.
ASSOCIATED WITH HOBBES
37—40.
HOLISM.
NOT ASSOCIATED WITH HOBBES
Place the following terms in the appropriate column:
atomism; gestalt psychology; interconnectedness; the whole equals the sum of
the parts.
ASSOCIATED WITH HOLISM
NOT ASSOCIATED WITH HOLISM
41—42.
HUMANISM.
How might a humanist complete the following
sentences?:
a) Humans are ________________________________________________.
b) The
proper
study
of
philosophy
is
_______________________
______________________________.
43. What is the highest level in the American humanistic psychologist Abraham
Maslow’s “hierarchy of inborn needs?” ______________________