Download Unit 4 Study Guide Key

Unit 4 Cell Energetics
1. What does LEO the lion says GER (or OIL RIG) stand for?
Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Gaining Electrons is Reduction
2. In photosynthesis, the NADP+ is gaining an electron. This mean the electron carrier is being:
REDUCTION!
3. In cellular respiration, pyruvate loses electrons. This means it is being:
OXIDATION!
Fill out the table below
Process
Glycolysis
Location
Inputs
5.
Glucose, ATP, ADP, NAD+ (and
P)
Outputs
6.
Pyruvate, ATP, ADP, NADH
8.
Pyruvate, NAD+,
CoenzymeA
9.
CO2
Krebs/ Citric Acid 10.
Cycle
Matrix
11.
NAD+, Acetyl CoA,
FAD+, H2O, ADP
12.
NADH, CO2, ATP,
FADH2, H20
Oxidative
13.
Phosphorylation
(ETC +
Inner Membrane
Phosphorylarion) (Cristae)
14.
15.
ATP
NAD+, FAD+, H2O,
Light Dependent
Reactions
16.
Thylakoid
Membrane
17.
H2O, Sunlight, ADP,
NADP+
18.
O2, ATP, NADPH, H+
Light
Independent
Reaction/Calvin
Cycle
19.
20.
21.
Glucose, NADP+,
ATP, ADP
4.
Cytoplasm
Bridging
7.
Mitochondria
membrane
NADH, ADP, FADH, O2
ATP, NADPH, CO2, ADP
Acetyl CoA, NADH
Stroma
22. If some drug were to disrupt the membranes (outer & thylakoid) of a chloroplast, explain what effect this would
have on photosynthesis.
The ETC would be destroyed which would mean no LDR  no O2 released
23. If some drug were to disrupt the membranes (outer & cristae/inner) of the matrix, explain what effect this
would have on Cellular respiration.
Since oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner membrane (the ETC part, and the chemiosmosis
part relies on the space between the inner and outer membrane to build up H+ ions…), very little ATP would be
made (only the 2 in Glycolysis and the 2 in Krebs).
24. Where does the oxygen come from in photosynthesis (be specific)?
H2O is split and the electrons are used to replenish photosystem 2. H+ ions and O are left in the
stroma…O combines with another O and diffuses out of the cell
25. What is an electron carrier? List each one you learned about AND where they are used.
Electron carriers…carry/shuttle electrons to and from different location in the cell.
NADPH LDR to LIR in photosynthesis
NADH  Glycolysis, Bridging & Krebs to oxidative phosphorylation
FADH2  from Krebs to oxidative phosphorylation
26. At the end of the LIR, where is the electron that was excited from photosystem II or photosystem I?
In glucose! At the end of LDR the electrons end up in NADPH which carriers it into the LIR
27. Where is most of the energy stored at the end of Cellular Respiration? (take a look at the diagrams)
ATP!!!
28. Explain how the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis establish an electrochemical gradient across
membranes.
ETC contains pumps that are powered by electrons as the pass through them. Each pump in the chain
pumps a H+ ion across the membrane, creating and maintaining a high concentration of H+ ions. The H+ ions then will
diffuse back across the membrane through ATP synthase. The H+ ions wouldn’t diffuse if the ETC wasn’t building up the
gradient.
Compare & Contrast Substrate level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation & Photophosphorylation. Fill out
the table below.
Substrate Level
Oxidative
Photophosphorylation
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
What is it making?
29.
ATP
30.
ATP
31.
ATP
Where is it located?
32.
Cytoplasm
What is similar?
35.
Produce ATP
What is different?
38.
No ETC, the
enzyme and substrate
33.
Cristae (Inner
membrane of
mitochondria)
36.
Produce ATP
using chemiosmosis and
ETCs
34.
Thylakoid
Membrane (Inner mem of
chloroplasts)
37.
Produce ATP using
chemiosmosis and ETCs
39.
No
photosystems, and in a
diff organelle
40.
Contains
photosystems to excite
the electrons, and a diff
organelle
41. Using the diagram below, explain how chemiosmosis is different in CR & PS. (Hint: pay attention to electrons!!!!)
The start of each process is different in CR electron carriers (NADH & FADH2) bring the electrons to the ETC, in
PS the electrons come from excited pigments (excited by the sun) and are replenished by splitting water.
The end location for the electrons is different in PS (where it ends in NADPH) and CR (where it ends in Oxygen)
42. Using the diagram above, explain how ETC & chemiosmosis are the same in CR & PS!
BOTH processes require energy from electrons to pump H+ across the membrane in order to build up a
gradient so they can diffuse back across the membrane through ATP Synthase, in the process making ATP
43. Think about the products of each step of cellular respiration (refer to the table on the first page if needed). If
the cell needed to use those products to make other organic molecules, could it? Explain why or why not.
Yes, because the body is smart and efficient! EX: Acetyl CoA can become fatty acids…the cytoplasm is like a
metabolic pool…a storage place for the products to be used as needed
44. Describe fermentation (1pt), its products (1pt), and the conditions in which it occurs (1pt)
Fermentation is a process that occurs when no oxygen is present…it basically is glycolysis + one or two more
steps that will empty the electron carrier (NADH) so it can be reused in glycolysis. It’s products depend on if you
are a plant or animal. Plantsethanol, NAD+, 2 ATP. Animals  Lactate, NAD+, 2 ATP. Conditions…no oxygen!
45. Why does yeast convert pyruvic acid?
Recycle the electron carriers
46. Describe the purpose of Chlorophyll & accessory Pigments.
Chlorophyll & accessory pigments absorb light energy and excite electrons unstable lose electrons to ETC
47. Describe the connection between photosystem 1 & photosystem 2.
PS2 sends electrons to PS1, replenishing the electrons lost to the second ETC and eventually to NADPH.
48. Summarize how chloroplasts convert light energy.
Energy is used to excite electrons  these electrons are then sent down an ETC which pumps H+ across the
membrane (electron ends up in an electron carrier called NADPH)  sets up high concentration gradient 
diffuse back through membrane and power ATP synthase  makes ATP the ATP and NADPH then power the
Calvin Cycle Calvin cycle adds CO2 onto RuBP using the enzyme Rubisco6 C molecule splits into 2 3C
molecules  most 3 C molecules are rearranged into RuBP, but some will become Glucose
49. Summarize how mitochondria convert energy.
Glucose is broken down during Glycoysis into a 3 C molecule (producing a net gain of 2 ATP, and 2 NADH)  3C
molecule converted into Acetyl CoA during bridging (producing 2 NADH)  Acetyl coA then enters the Krebs
cycle where it is rearranged and produces lots of electron carriers (4 NADH, 2 FADH) ALL THESE ELECTRON
CARRIERS POWER THE ETC during Oxidative phosphorylation  e- from the electron carriers move down the
ETC and pump H+ into the intermembrane space (e_ provide the energy for this form of active transport) H+
diffuse through ATP Synthase to lower concentration -> makes A TON OF ATP!!!
50. Draw a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting the structure & function of chloroplast & mitochondria.
Chloroplast (Diff)
Similar
Mitochondria (Diff)
Thylakoid membrane
2 membranes
Cristae
Stroma (different molecules)
Own DNA
Cellular Respiration Occurs here
Pigments
Jelly-like substance
Matrix (different molecules)
Photosynthesis Occurs here
both convert energy
51. Using the diagram below, explain the relationship between mitochondria & chloroplasts.
The two processes are complementary…the mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration which produces CO2
and ATP…which are needed by the chloroplast where photosynthesis occurs. The chloroplast then use CO2 in
photosynthesis and produce glucose which is what the mitochondria needs for cellular respiration. Together
they convert light energy into chemical energy (first glucose during photosynthesis then ATP during cellular
respiration)
52. Mitochondria convert chemical energy (found in bonds), into ___a more usable form of_____________energy.
53. Chloroplasts convert _____light_____________energy into chemical energy (Glucose).
54. Stomata are small openings that open and close depending in order to allow gases pass into and out of leaves.
Would the number/amount of stomata that are open have an effect on photosynthesis? Explain your reasoning.
Yes, because that will determine the amount of gas reaching the chloroplasts for the LIR to occur (CO2) and the
O2 to leave from the LDR. (More open stomata = more gasses exchanged, and vice versa).
55. What factors could increase photosynthesis?
Temp, light (color, intensity and amount), water availability, availability of CO2 in the air
56. What factors could decrease photosynthesis?
Same as above!!!
57. What factors could increase cellular respiration?
Amount of O2 present…and the energy demands of the body (remember the CR lab??)
58. How are the electrons replenished in photosystem 2? Photosystem 1?
PS2 replenishes its electrons from splitting water. PS1 replenishes its electrons from the electrons lost from PS2.
59. What molecule captures energy released by cellular respiration?
ATP
60. List the four stages of cellular respiration in order from start to finish.
Glycolysis, Bridging, Krebs, Oxidative Phosphorylation
61. In Cellular respiration which process(es) are aerobic? Which are anaerobic?
Glycolysis is the ONLY Anaerobic process! Bridging, Krebs and Oxidative Phosphorylation are all AEROBIC!!!
Fill out the table below
# ATP
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
62.
32-38
63.
2
Study your diagrams!!!!
Alcoholic Fermentation
64.
2
Lactic Acid Fermentation
65.
2