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1 IN THE MIDDLE AGES EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EXPANDED BEYOND THEIR BORDERS AFTER EUROPE WAS INTRODUCED TO THE SPICES AND RICHES OF AFRICA AND ASIA; SEVERAL COUNTRIES DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE THE TRADE ROUTES AND PRICES WERE CONTROLLED BY OTHERS. SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE OCEAN. SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT 2 PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR 1400s Started the Portuguese School of Navigation Navigators begin to explore the West African Coast Age of Discovery Begins NEW TECHNOLOGY: COMPASS GLOBE 1543 GLOBE RUDDER IMPROVED SHIPBUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN (Caravel) QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS) LATITUDE MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS 4 God, Gold, and Glory EXPLORE THE WORLD EXPAND TRADE MORE WEALTH SPREAD Christianity REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION MORE TERRITORY 5 PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION THE PORTUGUESE HAD SAILED THE ROUTE AROUND AFRICA AND THEREFORE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE TO ASIA. Dias - Passage around southern tip of Africa Da Gama - Passage around Africa to India SPANISH EXPLORATION CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR, CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE RICHES OF ASIA. AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS. 7 SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS COLUMBUS VESPUCCI BALBOA de LEON CORTEZ MAGELLAN de VACA PIZARRO CORONADO De SOTO CABRILLO LANDS IN THE BAHAMAS EXPLORES CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA PACIFIC OCEAN DISCOVERS AND NAMES FLORIDA CONQUERS AZTEC PHILIPPINES; CIRCUMNAVIGATES THE WORLD TEXAS CONQUERS INCA NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA SOUTHEAST AND MISSISSIPPI RIVER CALIFORNIA COAST TREATY OF TORDESILLAS IN 1493, POPE ALEXANDER VI GAVE SPAIN ALL LANDS DISCOVERED WEST OF THE 38˚W PARALLEL AND ALL LANDS DISCOVERED EAST OF IT TO PORTUGAL. THIS MADE PORTUGAL ANGRY AND A NEW LINE OF DEMARCATION WAS NEGOTIATED AT 46˚W, WHICH ALLOWED PORTUGAL TO GAIN LANDS IN SOUTH AMERICA. SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER, TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL, AND WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN (Especially in Central and South America) AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE THEIR OWN CLAIM! 10 FRENCH EXPLORATION VERRAZZANO CARTIER De CHAMPLAIN NEW YORK SAINT LAWRENCE RIVER QUEBEC, CANADA THE FRENCH ALTHOUGH THE FRENCH TRIED TO SETTLE IN FLORIDA, THEY WERE STOPPED BY THE SPANISH INITIALLY THE FRENCH FISHED IN THE ATLANTIC FOR COD AND SALMON, BUT FUR TRADING YIELDED BIGGER PROFITS THE FUR-TRADE BROUGHT FEW SETTLERS AT FIRST, BUT BY THE MID 1600s, THE FRENCH CONTROLLED THE INTERIOR OF NORTH AMERICA AND THE FURTRADE BECAME THEIR MOST PRODUCTIVE AND PROFITABLE RESOURCE 12 BRITISH EXPLORATION CABOT DRAKE RALEIGH HUDSON CANADA; NEW FOUNDLAND SAILS AROUND THE WORLD ROANOKE, VA HUDSON RIVER