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Grampositive bacteria 2008
Classification of Gr+ bacteria (I part)
• Tribe: Actinobacteria
• Class: Actinobacteria
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Order: Actinomycetales
F.: Micrococcace
F: Corynebacteriaeceae
F: Mycobacteriaceae
F: Nocardiaeace
Classification of Gr+ bacteria (II
part)
• Class : Bacilli
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Order : Bacillales
F.: Bacillaceae
F.: Listeriaceae
F.: Staphylococcaceae
Order: Lactobacillales
F.: Lactobacillaceae
F.: Enterococcaceae
F.: Streptococcaceae
Class: Actinobacteria
• Order : Actinomycetales
• F: Micrococcaceae
G+ cocci
• F: Micrococcaceae (catalase +)
• Genera:
– Micrococccus (M.luteus)
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Kocuria (K.rosea)
Dermacoccus
Class: Bacilli
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Order Bacillales
F. Staphylococcace
Order Lactobacillales
F: Streptococcaceae
F.:Enterococcaceae
F.:Lactobacillaceae
Staphylococcus
• Coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS)
• Toxins:
– hemolysines (alpha, beta, gama, delta)
– enterotoxines
– exfoliative toxin
• Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS)
Staphylococcal species
• CPS
– S.aureus
– S.intermedius, S.pseudointermedius
– S.hyicus subsp. hyicus
• CNS
– S.epidermidis
– S.chromoges
S.sciuri
Antibiotic rezistence in S.aureus
• Resistant isolates
– 90% - penicillins
– 4O%- macrolides/.
linkosamides
• MRSA- methicillin
rezistant S.aureus
• Aditional penicilline
binding proteins PBP are
produced ´ with low
avidity to betalactams
Antibiotic rezistence in
S.pseudointermedius
• MRSP isolates from dogs in Sweden
• mecA gene
• Isolates from post operative wound
infections
Antibiotic rezistence in
S.intermedius
• Multiresistant strains. Clindamycin
erytromycine,streptomycine, tetracycline
and enrofloxacin
Streptococcus
Pyogennic haemolytic streptococcoci
S.pyogenes (ser. group A) human infections
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S.agalactiae (ser. group B) cattle, man , pig
S.equi (group C)
S. equi subsp.
S.canis (group G)
• Other non-haemolytic streptococci: S.suis
New species S.suis
• S.suis decribed (1987) and validated (1992)
• Major host: pig
• Pathogenicity for pigs and humans
• Habitat: tonzils
• About 35 serovars is recognised (1-35)
• Patogenic and nonpatogenic strains
Pathogenic serotypes of S. suis
• Pig
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Serotype 1
Serotype1/2
Serotype 2
Srotype 3
Serotype 4
Serotype 7
Serotype 8
Serotype 9
Serotype 16
• Man
• Serotype 2
Factors associated with
patogenicity and virulence
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Capsule (polysacharide)
Adherence
Receptors for IgG a albumins
Hemolyzin (suilysin)
Virulent proteins (MRP, EF, MRP*, EF*)
Other proteins (heat shock protein)
Genes responsible for virulence are known
Disease in pigs and humans
• Meningitis (serotype 2)
• Endocarditis
• Bronchopneumonia only in pigs
• (Poly) Arthritis (serotype 1) only in pigs
Enterococcus
• Habitat: intestine of animals
• E. faecium
• E.faecalis
• Vancomycine rezistence enterococci (VRE) from
broilers
• VRE - nosocomial (hospital) infection in humans
• E. hirae
Lactococcus
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Starter cultures
L.lactis
L.cremoris
L.rafinolactis
Grampositive rods forming
endospores
• Aerobic/facultatively anaerobic:
– The genus Bacillus
• Anaerobic:
– The genus Clostridium
Genus Bacillus
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Group of B.cereus:
B.anthracis
B.cereus*
B.thuringiensis*
B.mycoides
B.pseudomycoides
Group of B.subtilis
B.anthracis
• Anthrax in domestic animals (cattle and
sheep)
– septisemia
• Anthrax in man in 3 forms:
– cutaneneous
– gastrointestinal
– pulmonary
Anthrax treatment
• 1. Antibiotics:
– humans: ciprofloxacin (fluorochinolone)
– cattle and sheep: penicillins
• 2. Specific antibodies (hyperimmune
serum):
– humans : very limited
– animals : very ofen in use
B.cereus
• toxinogenic B.cereus causes food poisoning
in man:
– 1) diarrhoeal syndrom
– 2) emetic syndrom
• toxinogenic B.cereus as feed poisoning in
pigs
Pathogenicity and virulence factors of toxinogenic
B.cereus
Nu of
Toxins/
enterotoxins components
genes
Hemolysine 3:B, L1, L2
BL (HBL)
Nonhemolytic 3
ET (NHE)
Enterotoxin K 1
protein hblA,hblB,
hblC,hblD
protein NheA,nheB,
nheC
protein
Enterotoxin T
protein
Enterotoxin
FM
Emetic toxin
protein
1
peptide
Food
poisoning
yes
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yes
Laboratory diagnostics of
enterotoxigenic B.cereus
• Foodstaffs samples/ rectal swabs
• Cultivation on selective media
• Evidence of enterotoxins
– BCET-REPLA for HBL toxin
– ELISA for NHE
Resistance to antimicrobial
agents in B.cereus
• Low susceptibility to penicillins and
cephalosporins
Genus Clostridium -pathogenic species
• Neurotoxic species:
– C.botulinum - botulism
– C.tetani
- tetanus
• Histotoxic species: C.peringens, C.chauvoei,
C.novyi, C.septicum, C.sordelii….
• Enteric and Enterotoxemic species:
– C.perfringens -nekrotic enteritis (poultry, calves,
piglets)
– C.difficile
- colitis (man, horse, pig, dog)
Taxons of inserte sedis
• F.: Erysipelothrichaceae
– G.: Erysipelothrix
– E. rhusiopathiae
Listeria
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Pathogenic species:
L.monocytogenes
L.ivanovii
virulence factors :
– (LLO, PLC, internalin)
L.monocytogenes
• Human food borne infection since 1988
• Meningitis
• Pregnant women- fetal infection- stillbirth
– Neonatal menigitis
• Animal listeriosis (sheep, cattle) – menigitis
– abortions
– mastitis
L.ivanovii
• Pathogen of sheep and other ruminants
Non pathogenic species
• L. innocua
• L. seeligeri
Erysipelothrix
• E. rhusiopathiae
• Habitat: tonsils of pigs
• In pigs:
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septisemia
„ diamond skin diseases“ – urtcal form
artritis
endocarditis
E. rhusiopathiae
• In fowl turkeys (septicemia):, chickens
• In sheep (septicemia)
Corynebacterium
• C.pseudotuberculosis
– In sheep and goats: caseous lymphadenitis
• Corynebacterium renale, C.cystitidis , C.
pilosum: bladder and kidney infections
• Corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis in
cows
Nocardioform bacteria
• Rhodococcus equi
• pyogranulomatos pneumonia in foals
• virulent strains
– virulence plasmid
– protein 18 kD Vap A and B
Mycobacteria
• G: Mycobacteriun
• Patogenic species:
• M.tuberculosis complex (one species ?)
M. tuberculosis subsp. hominis (H)
M.bovis
M.bovis subsp.caprae
M.microti (vole- rodents)
M.africanum (H)
• M.leprae – leprosy (H)
Rod Mycobacterium -oprotunic
pathogens :
• M. avium-intracellulare complex
• M.avium
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M.avium subsp. avium
M.avium subsp. paratuberculosis
M.avium subsp. silvaticum
M.avium subsp. hominissuis
• M.intracellulare
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M.kansasii
M.simiae
M.marinum
M.xenopi
Mycoplasma
• Cattle
– M.bovis,M. bovigenitalium
• Pig
– M.hyopneumonie, M.hyosynovie, M.hyorhinis
• Poultry
– M.gallisepticum
– M.synoviae
– M.meleagridis
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
• Enzootic pneumonia in pigs
– aerogenic infection
– chronic respirtory desease
• Seroconversion after 2-4 weeks
• Diagnostics: only PCR , serology suitable as
herd test
Mycoplasma haemosuis – new species
• (Eperythrozoon suis) extracellular parasite
of erythrocytes in pigs – eperythrozoonosis
in piglets after weaning or in faterns
• M.haemosuis – non detecteble on media in
vitro – PCR detection during last decade
M.haemosuis detected in
• Blood of newborne piglets
• Spleen of newborne piglets
M.haemosuis positive newborne piglets
• Clinical signs of low viability
• High mortality (30%) during 3 days
G+ bacteria
2008