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OUT OF MANY
A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
Chapter 6
From Empire to Independence
1750 - 1776
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Part One
Introduction
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Chapter Focus Questions
What were the conflicts that led to the Seven Years’
War, and what were the outcomes for Great Britain,
France, and the American Indians?
Why did American nationalism develop in the
aftermath of the French and Indian War?
What was Great Britain’s changing policy toward its
North American colonies in the 1760s?
What were the assumptions of American
republicanism?
How did the colonies attempt to achieve unity in
their confrontation with Great Britain?
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Part Two
American Communities: The First
Continental Congress Begins to
Shape a National Political
Community
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American Communities: The First Continental
Congress Begins to Shape a National Political
Community
In 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met for seven
weeks in Philadelphia at the First Continental
Congress forging a community of national leaders.
The Congress took the first step toward creating a
national political community.
With repressive actions, Great Britain had forced
the colonists to recognize a community of interests
distinct from that of the mother country.
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Part Three
The Seven Years’ War in
America
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The Albany Congress of 1754
The agenda included:
considering a collective colonial response to the
conflict with New France and the Indians of the
interior;
negotiation of a settlement with the Iroquois
Confederacy, who had become unhappy with
colonial land-grabbing.
The Conference resulted in:
The Iroquois leaving without an agreement;
adoption of Benjamin Franklin’s Plan of Union,
though this was rejected by colonial assemblies.
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This woodcut, cartoon, created by Benjamin Franklin, was published in his
newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, on May 9, 1754. It accompanied
Franklin’s editorial about the “disunited state” of the colonies on the eve of the
French and Indian War, and helped make his point about the need for unity. It
plays on the superstition that a snake that had been cut into nine pieces would
come back to life if the pieces were put back together before sunset. The cartoon
was reprinted widely, and used again, more that twenty years later, during the
Revolutionary War.
Source: The Library Company of Philadelphia.
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Frontier Warfare
Map: The War for Empire in North America,
1754-1763
The defeat of General Braddock in 1755 was
followed by the outbreak of war between Britain
and France in 1756.
The French achieved early victories in New York.
The British harshly treated French-speaking
farmers of Acadia by expelling them from their
homes. Many moved to Louisiana where they
became known as “Cajuns.”
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MAP 6.1 The
War for Empire
in North
America, 1754–
1763 The Seven
Years’ War in
America (also
known as the
French and
Indian War) was
fought in three
principal areas:
Nova Scotia and
what was then
Acadia, the
frontier between
New France and
New York, and
the upper Ohio
River—gateway
to the Old
Northwest.
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The Conquest of Canada
William Pitt became British Prime Minister
promising to win the war.
Pitt’s plan called for the conquest of Canada and
the elimination of all French competition from
North America.
The British gained Iroquois Confederacy and Ohio
Indians and committed over 50,000 British and
colonial troops to the Canada campaign.
British forces captured Louisburg, the French forts
on the New York border, Quebec, and lastly,
Montreal.
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The death of General James Wolfe, at the conclusion of the battle in which the British
captured Quebec in 1759, became the subject of American artist Benjamin West’s
most famous painting, which was exhibited to tremendous acclaim in London in 1770.
SOURCE: Benjamin West (1738 –1820), “The Death of General Wolfe,” 1770. Oil on canvas,152.6 x 214.5 cm. Transfer from the Canadian
War Memorials,1921(Gift of the 2nd Duke of Westminster, Eaton Hall,Cheshire,1918). National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
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The Conquest of Canada
Map: European Claims in North America,
1750 and 1763
In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, the French
lost all its North American mainland
possessions.
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MAP 6.2 European Claims in North America, 1750 and 1763 As a result of the
British victory in the Seven Years’ War, the map of colonial claims in North America
was fundamentally transformed.
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The Struggle for the West
The removal of the French stimulated a revitalization
movement among the Ohio Indians led by Neolin, the
Delaware Prophet.
Pontiac, an Ottawa, forged a confederacy that achieved
early success.
British colonists had expected French removal to allow
more westward migration.
American colonists opposed the Proclamation of 1763
and the British could not stop westward migration.
The Indians were forced to make concessions.
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A treaty between the Delaware, Shawnee, and Mingo (western Iroquois) Indians and
Great Britain, July 13, 1765, at the conclusion of the Indian uprising. The Indian chiefs
signed with pictographs symbolizing their clans, each notarized with an official wax seal.
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Part Four
The Emergence of American
Nationalism
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The Emergence of American
Nationalism
The Seven Years War affected the
American colonists by:
making them proud to be members of the
British empire;
noting important contrasts between themselves
and the British;
strengthening a sense of identity among the
colonists.
A nationalist perspective emerged.
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The Press, Politics, and Republicanism
The weekly newspaper was an important
means of intercolonial communication.
Newspapers became a lively means of
public discourse.
The notion of republicanism emerged from
warnings of government’s threats to liberty.
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A protest against the Stamp Act
from newspaper editor William
Bradford, publisher of The
Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly
Advertiser. Bradford decorated his
masthead with skull and
crossbones, reproduced a satiric
version of “the fatal Stamp,” also
with skull and crossbones, and
included the note, “The TIMES are
Dreadful, Dismal, Doleful,
Dolorous, and Dollar-less.” The
text is an open letter from Bradford
to his readers.
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The Sugar and Stamp Acts
The costs of the Seven Years War and the subsequent
defense of the North American empire added to the
huge government debt.
In 1764, Parliament passed the Sugar Act to raise
revenue from the colonies.
Colonial protest arose in the cities, especially Boston
where a nonimportation movement soon spread to
other cities.
James Otis, Jr. developed the doctrine of no taxation
without representation.
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The Stamp Act Crisis
The Stamp Act precipitated an unprecedented crisis.
Colonial concerns included the long-term constitutional
implications regarding representation of the colonists in
the British government.
Several colonies passed resolutions denouncing the
Stamp Act.
Boston emerged as a center of protest.
To counter the growing violence, the Sons of Liberty
was formed.
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Samuel Adams, a
second cousin of John
Adams, was a leader of
the Boston radicals and
an organizer of the
Sons of Liberty. The
artist of this portrait,
John Singleton Copley,
was known for setting
his subjects in the midst
of everyday objects;
here he portrays Adams
in a middle-class suit
with the charter
guaranteeing the
liberties of Boston’s
freemen.
SOURCE: John Singleton Copley (1738
–1815), “Samuel Adams,” ca. 1772. Oil
on canvas,49 ½ x 39 ½ in. (125.7 cm x
100.3 cm). Deposited by the City of
Boston, 30.76c. Courtesy, Museum of
Fine Arts, Boston. Reproduced with
permission. © 2000 Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston. All Rights Reserved.
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Repeal of the Stamp Act
Map: Demonstrations against the Stamp
Act, 1765
British merchants worried about the effects
of the growing nonimportation movement
petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp
Act.
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act but
passed the Declaratory Act.
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MAP 6.3 Demonstrations against
the Stamp Act, 1765 From Halifax
in the North to Savannah in the
South, popular demonstrations
against the Stamp Act forced the
resignation of British tax officials.
The propaganda of 1765 even
reached the breakfast table,
emblazoned on teapots.
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Seeing History Bostonians
Paying the Excise-Man, or
Tarring and Feathering.
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Part Five
“Save Your Money and
Save Your Country”
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The Townshend Revenue Acts
Charles Townshend became prime minister.
Townshend proposed a new revenue measure that
placed import duties on lead, glass, paint, paper, and
tea.
In response, John Dickinson, posing as a humble
farmer in Pennsylvania stated that Parliament had no
right to tax goods to raise revenue on America.
Townshend enacted several measures to enforce the
new Acts.
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Nonimportation: An Early Political
Boycott
Associations of nonimportation and nonconsumption reformed to protest the Townshend
Acts.
Appeals to stimulate local industry had strong
appeal in small towns and rural areas.
Colonial newspapers paid much attention to
women supporting the boycott.
These efforts reduced British exports by 41
percent.
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This British cartoon, A
Society of Patriotic Ladies,
ridiculed the efforts of
American women to support
the Patriot cause by
boycotting tea. The
moderator of the meeting
appears coarse and
masculine, while an attractive
scribe is swayed by the
amorous attention of a
gentleman. The activities
under the table suggest that
these women are neglecting
their true duty.
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The Massachusetts Circular Letter
Boston and Massachusetts were the center
of the agitation over the Townshend
Revenue Acts.
Samuel Adams drafted a circular letter that
led to British forcing the Massachusetts
House of Representative to rescind the
letter.
Rumors of mob rule and riots in Boston led
to the British army occupying the city.
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The Politics of Revolt and the
Boston Massacre
The British troops stationed in the colonies were a
source of scorn and hostility.
Confrontations arose in New York City and
Boston between colonists and British soldiers.
In Boston, competition between British troops and
townsmen over jobs was a source of conflict.
On March 5, 1770:
a confrontation between British soldiers and a crowd
ended in the Boston Massacre that left five dead.
Parliament repealed most of the Revenue Acts.
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In Paul Revere’s version of the
Boston Massacre, issued three
weeks after the incident, the
British fire an organized volley into
a defenseless crowd. Revere’s
print—which he plagiarized from
another Boston engraver—may
have been inaccurate, but it was
enormously effective propaganda.
It hung in so many Patriot homes
that the judge hearing the murder
trial of these British soldiers
warned the jury not to be swayed
by “the prints exhibited in our
houses.”
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Part Six
From Resistance to
Rebellion
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From Resistance to Rebellion
In the early seventies, several colonies
established committees of correspondence
to:
share information;
shape public opinion; and
build cooperation among the colonies.
Statements and letters by Thomas
Hutchinson outraged colonists.
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The Boston Tea Party
Parliament passed a new tax on tea to save
the East India Company from failing.
Colonial protests included:
the Boston Tea Party;
a tea party in New York;
burning a ship loaded with tea in Annapolis;
and
burning a warehouse in New Jersey.
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The Intolerable Acts
Map: The Quebec Act of 1774
The Coercive “Intolerable”Acts 1774
Prohibited loading and unloading of ships in Boston
Harbor until the colonists paid for the tea
Annulled the colonial charter of Massachusetts
Terminated self-rule by colonial communities
Legalized housing of troops in private homes at public
expense
Quebec Act
These acts were calculated to punish Massachusetts
and strengthen the British.
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MAP 6.4 The Quebec Act
of 1774 With the Quebec
Act, Britain created a
centralized colonial
government for Canada
and extended that colony’s
administrative control
southwest to the Ohio
River, invalidating the seato-sea boundaries of many
colonial charters.
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The First Continental Congress
The delegates to the First Continental Congress included the
most important leaders of the American cause.
The delegates passed the Declaration and Resolves that:
asserted colonial rights;
declared 13 acts of Parliament in violation of their rights;
pledged sanctions until the 13 acts were repealed.
To enforce the sanctions, the delegates urged formation of
Committees of Observation and Safety to assume the
functions of local government.
The Committees organized militia, called extralegal courts,
and combined to form colony-wide congresses or
conventions.
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Ignoring the Olive Branch
Petition from the Continental
Congress, on August 23,
1775, King George III issued
this Proclamation, declaring
the colonies stood in open
rebellion to his authority and
were subject to severe
penalty, as was any British
subject who failed to report
the knowledge of rebellion or
conspiracy. This document
literally transformed loyal
subjects into traitorous
rebels.
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Lexington and Concord
Map: The First Engagements of the Revolution
Despite a stalemate between the British and
colonists in Massachusetts, the British government
decided on military action.
When British troops left Boston to capture
American ammunition at Concord, armed conflicts
occurred at Lexington and Concord.
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MAP 6.5 The First Engagements of the Revolution The first military
engagements of the American Revolution took place in the spring of 1775 in the
countryside surrounding Boston.
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British soldiers fire upon Massachusetts militia at Lexington, the first of four hand-colored
engravings included in Amos Doolittle’s View of the Battle of Lexington and Concord
(1775). It is the only contemporary pictorial record of the events of April 19, 1775, from an
American point of view. Doolittle, a Connecticut silversmith, traveled to the site of the
conflict in the weeks afterward, and his engravings are based on first-hand observation.
Important buildings, individuals, or groups of people are keyed to a legend that explains
what is happening. Doolittle intended his prints to be informative in the same sense as a
photograph in a modern newspaper.
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Part Seven
Deciding for Independence
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The Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress aimed to
organize the defense of the colonies.
The Congress designated the militia forces
besieging Boston as the Continental Army
and made George Washington commanderin-chief.
The Olive Branch Petition was written to
prevent further hostilities.
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Canada, the Spanish Borderlands, and
the Revolution
The rest of colonial North America reacted
in various ways to the coming war.
The French Canadians did not support the
rebellion.
Several British Caribbean islands did
support the Continental Congress but the
British navy stopped any involvement.
Spain adopted a neutral position officially,
but secretly sought to help the Americans.
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Fighting in the North and South
Fighting continued throughout New England.
An unsuccessful effort to take Canada ended in the
spring of 1776.
By March the British had been forced out of
Boston.
British efforts in the South had also failed.
King George III rejected the “Olive Branch
Petition” and issued a proclamation declaring that
the colonists were in open rebellion.
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The Connecticut artist John Trumbull painted The Battle of Bunker Hill in 1785, the first of
a series that earned him the informal title of “the Painter of the Revolution.” Trumbull was
careful to research the details of his paintings, but composed them in the grand style of
historical romance. In the early nineteenth century, he repainted this work and three other
Revolutionary scenes for the rotunda of the Capitol in Washington, DC.
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No Turning Back
Spain and France opened trade with the colonies.
In Common Sense, Thomas Paine helped cut
Americans’ emotional ties to Britain and the King.
The “two ancient tyrannies” of aristocracy and
monarchy were not appropriate for America.
North Carolina became the first state to vote for a
declaration of independence.
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The Declaration of Independence
The text of the Declaration of Independence was
approved without dissent on July 4, 1776.
The writers blamed King George III for the events
leading up to the decision for Independence.
They could be condemned as traitors and
sentenced to death but they chose to sign.
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The Manner in Which the
American Colonies Declared
Themselves INDEPENDENT of
the King of ENGLAND, a 1783
English print. Understanding that
the coming struggle would
require the steady support of
ordinary people, in the
Declaration of Independence, the
upper-class men of the
Continental Congress asserted
the right of popular revolution and
the great principle of human
equality.
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Part Eight
Conclusion
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