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Unit Objectives: The Ankle- terminology, anatomy and mechanism of injury
The student will be able to
 Define key medical terms relating to the ankle
 Compare and contrast joint movements
 Compare/ contrast common injuries
 Identify bones, ligaments and tendons in the ankle
 Analyze the difference between 1st, 2nd and 3rd degrees of injury
Ankle Unit Outline
1. Medical Terminology
-
(3 Days)
Discussion
Venn Diagram
Read Ch. 17 p 339-347 (Active note-taking)
2. Anatomy
(4 Days)
- Overview
- 4 Bones
- 1 Tendon
- 6 Ligaments
- 2 Joints
3.

If you know the names of bones & medical technology for “front”, “back”, and “sides” then it
is easier to figure out the names of ligaments

Reading Ch. 3
Questions 1-14 (groups)

Coloring diagrams
Coding System
Ankle taping
(2 Days)
- Video: Sprains & Strains
- Lecture / Discussion: Why Tape?
- Advantages / Disadvantages
- Taping demo – Follow the handout
4. Practice
- Pre-wrap only
- Tape-Rip Relay
- Progression
(4 Days)
5. TEST on ankle anatomy
& Medical Terminology
(1 Day)
6. Common Ankle Injuries
Power Point
(1 Day)
7. Practice taping with self check sheet
(1-2 Days)
8. Practical TEST
(2 Days)
Sports Med 1
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
part 1
Strain: A tearing injury to muscle. Usually causes some degree of bleeding within the
muscle tissue (hematoma).
Sprain: A tearing injury to ligaments. Sprains can be minor, with only a slight stress to the
ligament or may be severe with total separation of a ligament that supports a joint.
Ex. Sprain (knee joint): Any injury to one of six different ligaments which stabilize the knee
joint. Those ligaments include: medial and lateral collaterals, medial and lateral meniscus
and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. Knee sprains are characterized by knee
pain, swelling and tenderness with range of motion. Severe sprains may result in a knee
joint effusion (blood inside the joint). Completely torn ligaments may require surgical repair
to reestablish knee joint stability.
Crepitus: A crinkly, crackling or grating feeling or sound in the joints, skin or lungs.
Inflammation: A localized protective response brought on by injury or destruction of
tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute or wall off (the bodies natural cast) both the
injurious agent and the injured tissue. It is characterized in the acute form by the classical
signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function (altered function).
-itis: inflammation
Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon muscle attachments
Fascia: The flat layers of fibrous tissue that separate different layers of tissue.
Dislocation: Joints are areas where two or more bones come together. If a sudden impact
injures a joint, the bones that meet at that joint may become dislocated (not connected).
That means the bones are no longer in their normal position. Usually the joint capsule and
ligaments tear when a joint becomes dislocated, and often the nerves are injured as well.
Subluxation: The abnormal movement of one of the bones that comprise a joint. Not a
true dislocation; a partial dislocation. Injury in which a bone has been displaced and then
moves back into place on its own.
Reduction: The correction of a fracture, dislocation or hernia.
Eversion: A turning outward
Inversion: Turning inward
Extension: The movement by which the two elements of any jointed part are drawn away
from each other. A movement which brings the members of a limb into or toward a straight
line. (sagittal plane)
Flexion: Opposite of extension; angles become smaller (sagittal plane)
Abductor (abduction): Muscles which move limbs away from the body (frontal plane)
Adductor (adduction): Muscles which move a portion of the body toward the midline such
as lowering your arm to your side. (frontal plane)
Circumduction: circular movement of the limbs around an axis (transverse plane)
Plantar flexion: increasing the angle between the top of the foot and lower leg
Dorsiflexion: decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and lower leg
Proximal: nearest to, closer to any point of reference, opposed to distal.
Distal: remote, farther from any point of reference, opposed to proximal.
Medial: toward the middle of the body
Lateral: toward the outside of the body
Avulsion fracture: a fracture that occurs when a joint capsule, ligament, or muscle
insertion of origin is pulled from the bone as a result of a sprain dislocation or strong
contracture of the muscle against resistance; as the soft tissue is pulled away from the
bone, a fragment or fragments of the bone may come away with it.
Lax: not tense, firm, or rigid; loose; slack; as, a lax bandage.
Tense: tight, rigid, strained
Pes cavus: literally a hollow foot, pes cavus is a foot with too high an arch.
Flatfoot: a condition in which one or more of the arches of the foot have flattened out so
that the entire sole of the foot rests upon the ground.
Orthotics: the science concerned with the making and fitting of orthopedic appliances;
Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system, pertaining to
orthopaedics.
Biomechanics: the study of the body in terms of its mechanical structure and properties.
Locomotion of the body is one of the more important things to which the mechanical laws
are applied for study.
Chapter 17 Focused Reading Questions
1.
What is the percentage of ankle injuries?
2.
What is the importance of the 3 arches?
3.
What bones make up the talocrural joint?
4.
What bones make up the subtalar joint?
5.
What is the purpose of the lateral malleolus?
6.
What are the purposes of ligaments?
7.
What are the most commonly injured ligaments of the
ankle?
8.
How much pressure does a 150 lb jogger put on each
foot when running 3 miles?
9.
What is the mechanism of injury for most ankle
sprains?
10.
What does mechanism of injury mean to you?
11.
Similarities and differences between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
degree sprains?
12.
Summarize arch sprains.
13.
Summarize Achilles Tendonitis.
14.
Summarize Achilles Tendon Rupture.
Ankle Taping and Strapping
The purpose of a tape job is usually one of two things.

One possible reason to tape an ankle is to prevent an ankle injury. Since most
injuries occur due to an inversion (turning in of the ankle) most ankle tape jobs are
applied so that they limit the inversion motion. Preventative tape jobs are useful in
situations of ankle weakness secondary to a remote injury or when the likelihood of
suffering an ankle injury is high due to the practice or game conditions.

A second reason to tape an ankle is to protect a recent injury. After an ankle sprain,
the ligaments and secondary restraints are weak and injured. In order to resume
practice and play safely and swiftly, ankle tape jobs are often applied to protect the
injury. Again, since most injuries are due to an inversion mechanism, these tape
jobs often center around preventing inversion. But since an injury has likely been
evaluated by a doctor prior to return to play and the mechanism has been sorted
out, the tape job can be modified to protect against the exact mechanism of injury in
most situations.
One theorized disadvantage to preventative ankle taping is that

it may weaken the body’s natural protective mechanisms

Ligaments are the body’s primary structural support and what a tape job tries to
augment. However, there are secondary supports such as muscles, tendons, joint
capsules, etc. that naturally augment and supplement the ligaments support. Many
believe that regular use of a tape job will cause the secondary supports to become
weaker and less effective, so that if the tape job fails or the athlete plays without it,
injury is more likely.

One of the main problems with ankle tape jobs is that learning to tape follows a fairly
shallow curve. In other words, one must complete many tape jobs to become
efficient.

Another potential problem is that there is a great deal of variability between tape
jobs applied by different people. A veteran trainer once commented that there are
as many different ways to tape the ankle as there are people taping.
An alternative to ankle taping is ankle bracing. Most sports medicine practitioners fall into
one camp or the other with some advocating taping and others bracing. In reality, there
are probably uses for both.
ANKLE ANATOMY – DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
Label each part of the ankle with the correct term. Mark you answers on the answer sheet only. ALL
WORDS IN THE WORD BANK MUST BE USED, MEANING THAT SOME STRUCTURES HAVE SEVERAL
ANSWERS. Print clearly – if I cannot read it I will mark it incorrect.
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
Calcaneus
Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
Weight bearing bone
Non-weight bearing bone
Achilles Tendon
Subtalar Joint
Talocrural joint
Deltoid ligament
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Posterior tibiofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
See .bmp document
Or
Draw your own ankle
LATERAL VIEW OF ANKLE JOINT
ANKLE ANATOMY – DO NOT WRITE ON THIS SHEET
Label each part of the ankle with the correct term. Mark you answers on the answer sheet only. ALL
WORDS IN THE WORD BANK MUST BE USED, MEANING THAT SOME STRUCTURES HAVE SEVERAL
ANSWERS. Print clearly – if I cannot read it I will mark it incorrect.
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
Calcaneus
Lateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
Weight bearing bone
Non-weight bearing bone
Achilles Tendon
Subtalar Joint
Talocrural joint
Deltoid ligament
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Posterior tibiofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
See .bmp document
Or
Draw your own ankle
ANTERIOR VIEW OF ANKLE JOINT