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Biology { Final Exam Review Questions What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic? Describe: pH In the graph below, what is happening to the activity of intestinal protease as the pH changes? Describe what is happening in the picture below: Enzymes are a type of… A. protein B. nucleic acid C. lipid D. carbohydrate In the picture below, What does #1 refer to? In the picture below, What does #2 refer to? In the picture below, What does #3 refer to? In the reaction below, can the enzyme be re-used after the reaction takes place? Amino acids are the building blocks for: proteins lipids nucleic acids carbohydrates What process is represented in the animation? Describe what is happening in the picture below Describe what is meant by “semipermeable” Which has a nucleus and which has a nucleoid? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes To what molecule is the arrow pointing? Which structures are found in every living cell? 1)a cell wall and nucleus 2) chloroplasts and mitochondria 3) a cell membrane and cytoplasm 4)centrioles and chromosomes What is “C” in the cell below? What is “B” in the cell below? What is “A” in the cell below? What is “D” in the cell below? WHAT IS THE CELL WALL MADE OF? THE PICTURE BELOW REPRESENTS… CHOOSE ONE: PLANT CELL MUSHROOM BRAIN ANIMAL CELL PROKARYOTE #1 REPRESENTS… CHOOSE ONE: NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION GOLGI CELL MEMBRANE #2 REPRESENTS… CHOOSE ONE: NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION GOLGI CELL MEMBRANE #3 REPRESENTS… CHOOSE ONE: NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION GOLGI CELL MEMBRANE #4 REPRESENTS… CHOOSE ONE: NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION GOLGI CELL MEMBRANE HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT THIS CELL IS A… EUKARYOTE Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function? ER : heredity Golgi apparatus: packaging mitochondria: digestion chloroplasts: storage of lipids ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) stores energy in the bonds between its three phosphate functional groups. AMP (adenosine mono-phosphate) therefore has more energy than ATP and ADP (adenosine di-phosphate). True/false How many sex chromosomes are there in a normal human gamete? 23 22 2 1 In MALES, gametes are produced by cells found in the small intestine testes heart ovaries WHAT’S A GAMETE? WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MEIOSIS? What is happening to the sister chromatids in this picture? How do you know that this is meiosis? If an organism has a diploid number of 16, how many chromosomes does it sperm or egg cells contain? How many autosomes are there in a normal human liver cell? 44 46 22 23 A solution with a higher concentration of OH- ions than H+ ions is considered to be alkaline or basic. True/false What is happening in the lysosome? It has something to do with water Describe osmosis Watch, and then describe………….. What’s happening here? Blood CELL in different solutions: ISOTONIC: SAME SALT HYPOTONIC: LOW SALT HYPERTONIC: HIGH SALT The Introduction of a lab report includes: background material, the purpose for the lab, and the hypothesis. True/False? To get an object into focus under high power you must first find the object using the low power objective lens and THEN switch to the high power lens, then turn the coarse adjustment, then finally turn the fine adjustment. True/false ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) stores energy in the bonds between its three phosphate functional groups. AMP (adenosine mono-phosphate) therefore has more energy than ATP and ADP (adenosine di-phosphate). True/false A solution with a higher concentration of OH- ions than H+ ions is considered to be alkaline or basic. True/false The four main classes of macromolecules found in living things are: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Vitamins/Minerals. True/false Enzymes are produced by living cells- they are biological catalysts that usually are not used up in a reaction. True/false? Define “biology” How many different species exist on this planet? Which of the following is the smallest? Molecule Atoms Cell Organ Organ system Define “biosphere” Which is larger and more comprehensive? Class Order species Name the five kingdoms of life. The smallest unit of life is the ____________________________. Define “hypothesis” In the mouthwash lab the _________ variable was the mouthwash and the __________ variable was the absence or presence of a ring of inhibition. An object viewed under the microscope using the high power power objective lens (40x) is ____ times larger. A “compound” is defined as … Which element can bind to four other elements? Water has several unique properties that make it one of the most important compounds found in living things. This quality is/ These qualities are: a. dissolves polar compounds like sugars due to its own polar nature. b. moderates temperature because most of the thermal energy that the water initially absorbs breaks the hydrogen bonds between the molecules instead of increasing the motion of the molecules & raising the temperature of water. c. moves upward through narrow tubes against the force of gravity by way of capillarity d. Two of the answers are correct. e. Three of the answers are correct. Starch is… a. b. c. d. Protein Carbohydrate Nucleic acid lipid DNA is… a. b. c. d. e. Carbohydrate Starch Nucleic acid Protein lipid ___________ is a compound that supplies energy to living things. Name the organelle that supplies energy to the cell. Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? Name the “end product” of glycolysis. In yeast, which two products are made from anaerobic respiration? If anaerobic respiration in yeast produces Carbon dioxide and alcohol, then why don’t we feel the effects of alcohol when we eat bread? What is the product of anaerobic respiration in humans? What two electron carriers are produced during the Krebs Cycle? Where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle occur? Where in the cell does the Calvin Cycle occur? What is the main product of the Calvin Cycle? Name two products of the light reaction in photosynthesis that supply energy to make sugar. Name one product of the photosynthetic light reactions that is found in the air we breathe. During chemiosmosis, what happens to the pH of the interior of the thylakoid membrane? Name the enzyme that makes ATP using ADP and phosphate. Name the enzyme that “fixes” carbon dioxide gas and attaches it to a carbohydrate. Name the organelle that carries out photosynthesis. Name the organelle that produces proteins. Name the organelle that carries out waste management for the cell. Name the organelle that might be used to store water in plant cells. Name the structure in plant cells that surrounds the cell and is made of cellulose. Name the organelle that is the control center for the cell. 1. Which of the following is insoluble in water? a. Olive oil b. Amino acids c. Sucrose d. Salt Which of the following substances or structures has no connection with lipids. a. fat. b. vegetable oil. c. starch. d. wax. e. cell membranes. What is the pH optimum for the enzyme? Name one organelle found in prokaryotes. Name the fluid in the chloroplast Name the pancake-like structures in the chloroplast Define: granum In which part of the chloroplast do the light reactions occur? What is the function of the stroma? What wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll a? What wavelengths of light drive photosynthesis? What is an autotroph? At which biochemical step of photosynthesis is oxygen made? Which reactions of photosynthesis produce NADPH? ATP and NADPH made in the _____ _________ are used to proved energy to the __________ cycle, which occurs in the stroma. Fill in the blanks In photosystem II, the electrons from water are used to replace the electrons lost in which pigment molecule? Define the term ‘chemiosmosis’. a. b. c. d. Autotrophic Heterotrophic Anaerobic aerobic The absence of oxygen is also called… Why doesn’t bread taste like alcohol? How many ATP molecules are required to make one complete turn of the Calvin cycle? How many ATP molecules would it take to make one PGAL molecule? When hydrogen ions build up inside the thylakoids, is the pH low or high? In CAM plants, when are the stomata open? In C4 plants, carbon dioxide is fixed to a ____ carbon molecule called OAA. What is different about C4 plants that allows them to fix carbon dioxide even when the stomata are closed? Name three C4 plants Name two CAM plants Name 3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. Name 3 reactants and 2 products of photosynthesis. Show (in a biochemical equation) how photosynthesis is the reverse of cellular respiration. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? What molecule is the final product of glycolysis? What causes lactic acid fermentation? What are the two products of alcohol fermentation in yeast? a. b. c. d. e. Stroma Cristae Inner membrane Outer membrane matrix Which of the following is NOT a part of the mitochondrion? a. b. c. d. e. Light reactions Dark reactions Calvin cycle Glycolysis Krebs cycle Where does the carbon dioxide come from that you breathe out? How does rat poison kill the rat? a. b. c. d. Electron acceptor Electron donor Electron carrier Trans-membrane protein Describe the role of oxygen in electron transport… Which enzyme is the most abundant on the planet? A potato placed into a salt solution will a. b. Shrink swell Describe what will happen to a cell that is placed into an isotonic solution Describe what will happen to a cell that is placed into a hypertonic solution Describe what will happen to a cell that is placed into a hypotonic solution.