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Republic of the Philippines Samar State University College of Education Catbalogan, Samar INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The Integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans the integumentary system additionally provides vitamin D synthesis. The integumentary system is the largest organ system. The skin is the largest organ in the body: 12-15% of body weight, with a surface area of 1-2 meters. The skin covers the entire outer surface of the body. Structurally, the skin consists of two layers which differ in function, histological appearance and their embryological origin. Epidermis is formed by an epithelium and is of ectodermal origin. The underlying thicker layer, the dermis, consists of connective tissue and develops from the mesoderm. Beneath the two layers we find a subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue, the hypodermis or subcutis, which binds the skin to underlying structures. Hair, nails and sweat and sebaceous glands are of epithelial origin and collectively called the appendages of the skin. THREE LAYERS OF THE SKIN Epidermis: This is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. It does not contain blood vessels. Its main job is protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis. Dermis: The dermis is the midlayer of skin, composing of loose collective tissues such as collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, not allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging. Subdermis (Hypodermis): The subdermis is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis. It is mainly composed of connective and adipose tissue. Its physiological functions include insulation, the storage of energy, and aiding in the anchoring of the skin. Functions of the integumentary system: The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis. All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body. The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body's first line of defense against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis. Functions include: Protect; the body's internal living tissues and organs, against invasion by infectious organisms, the body from dehydration, the body against abrupt changes in temperature and protect the body against sunburns Help excrete waste materials through perspiration Act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light Store water, fat, glucose, and vitamin D Participate in temperature regulation DISEASES OF SKIN Psoriasis Another disease of the integumentary system is psoriasis, which is a chronic, non-contagious, autoimmune disease. In this disease, red and scaly patches or lesions can be observed on the skin. These scaly patches are called psoriatic plaques and are areas of inflammation and increased skin production. The excessive production of skin conduces to accumulation of skin cells that take on a silvery-white appearance. These plaques can be mostly found on the elbows and knees, however, they can even affect the scalp and genitals. Warts These diseases of integumentary system are characterized by tiny, round, rough tumor found typically on the hands and feet. Warts are conduced by the human papilloma virus, which causes different types of warts like the common wart, flat wart, plantar wart, genital wart, mosaic wart, etc. Warts can be contagious, and spreads from one person to another via contact. They resemble a cauliflower or solid blister on the skin and can be contagious. In fact, when situated on the feet, they can be quite exacerbating, however, they usually disappear after a few months. If they don't, they can be removed safely as well. Dermatitis The word dermatitis is a general term used to describe inflammation of the skin. There are different types of dermatitis, including seborrheic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis (eczema). This disorder can have scores of causes and can surface in various forms, starting out as an itchy rash and spreading to increase with redness and swelling. This skin disorder is not lifethreatening or contagious, however, it can cause one to feel really uncomfortable and selfconscious. Athletes Foot Athlete's foot or tinea pedis is a fungal infection of the skin that causes scaling, flaking and itching of various areas of the skin. This condition is transmitted mostly in moist areas where people walk barefoot, for example bathhouses, showers, etc. This condition typically affects the feet, however, can spread to other areas such as the groin. By maintaining good hygiene, one can prevent the occurrence of Athletes foot. Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. Acne usually appears on your face, neck, chest, back and shoulders. Effective treatments are available, but acne can be persistent. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go away, others seem to crop up.Acne is most common among teenagers, with a reported prevalence of 70 to 87 percent. Increasingly, younger children are getting acne as well. Albinism is a defect of melanin production that results in little or no color (pigment) in the skin, hair, and eyes.Albinism occurs when one of several genetic defects makes the body unable to produce or distribute melanin, a natural substance that gives color to your hair, skin, and iris of the eye.The defects may be passed down through families.The most severe form of albinism is called oculocutaneous albinism. People with this type of albinism have white or pink hair, skin, and iris color, as well as vision problems. Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected. Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat. A blister, which is also called a vesicle by medical professionals, is a raised portion of skin that is filled with fluid. You are probably familiar with blisters from wearing uncomfortable shoes for too long. This common cause of blistering produces vesicles when friction between your skin and the shoe causes layers of skin to separate and fill with fluid. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a common form of skin cancer that develops in the thin, flat squamous cells that make up the outer layer of the skin.Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin result from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from sunlight or from tanning beds or lamps. Avoiding UV light helps reduce your risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and other forms of skin cancer.Squamous cells are found in many places in your body and squamous cell carcinoma can occur in anywhere squamous cells are found. Squamous cell carcinoma of theskin refers to cancer that forms in the squamous cells found in the skin. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer which forms from melanocytes (pigment-containing cells in the skin). In women, the most common site is the legs, and melanomas in men are most common on the back Hair - is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis, or skin. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth, hair types and hair care, but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein, notably keratin. Attitudes towards hair, such as hairstyles and hair removal, vary widely across different cultures and historical periods, but it is often used to indicate a person's personal beliefs or social position, such as their age, gender, or religion. Overview The word "hair" usually refers to two distinct structures: the part beneath the skin, called the hair follicle or when pulled from the skin, called the bulb. This organ is located in the dermis and maintains stem cells which not only re-grow the hair after it falls out, but also are recruited to regrow skin after a wound. the shaft, which is the hard filamentous part that extends above the skin surface. A cross section of the hair shaft may be divided roughly into three zones. Hair fibers have a structure consisting of several layers, starting from the outside: the cuticle, which consists of several layers of flat, thin cells laid out overlapping one another as roof shingles, thecortex, which contains the keratin bundles in cell structures that remain roughly rod-like. themedulla, a disorganized and open area at the fiber's center. Classification systems There are various systems that people use to classify their curl patterns. Being knowledgeable of an individual's hair type is a good start to knowing how to take care of one's hair. PARTS OF HAIR HAIR SHAFT - the part of a hair projecting beyond the skin. It is the nongrowing portion of a hair that protrudes from the skin, from the follicle. HAIR FOLLICLE - A sac from which a hair grows and into which the sebaceous (oil) glands open. The follicle is lined by cells derived from the epidermal (outside) layer of the skin. Each follicle normally goes through a fiveyear cycle of growth and rest, with about 90% of the follicles growing hair at any one time, averaging about six inches (15 cm) of growth per year. Derived from the Latin word follis, for bag. HAIR BULB - The lower expanded extremity of a hair that fits like a cap over the hair papilla at the bottom of the hair follicle. DERMAL PAPILLA - Any of the superficial projections of the corium or dermis that interlock with recesses in the overlying epidermis, contain vascular loops and specialized nerve endings, and are arranged in ridgelike lines most prominent in the hand and foot. Also called papilla of corium. HAIR MATRIX - he hair matrix produces the actual hair shaft as well as the inner and outer root sheaths. The outer root sheath of the hair follicle encloses the inner root sheath and hair shaft.[1] It is continuous with the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis (skin) DISEASES OF HAIR Hair Loss Also called: Alopecia You lose up to 100 hairs from your scalp every day. That's normal, and in most people, those hairs grow back. But many men -- and some women -- lose hair as they grow older. You can also lose your hair if you have certain diseases, such as thyroid problems, diabetes, or lupus. If you take certain medicines or have chemotherapy for cancer, you may also lose your hair. Other causes are stress, a low protein diet, a family history, or poor nutrition. Treatment for hair loss depends on the cause. In some cases, treating the underlying cause will correct the problem. Other treatments include medicines and hair restoration. Gray Hair Some people consider gray hair as something that makes them looked distinguished; for others, it's a reminder that they're getting older. However you feel about it, gray or white hair is pretty much inevitable with age (if you're fortunate enough to still have hair in your later years). Scientists have put a lot of effort into investigating the cause of gray hair, and they believe they've gotten to the root of the problem. Hair gets its color from a pigment called melanin, which is produced by melanocyte cells in the hair follicles. Researchers have discovered that melanocytes endure cumulative damage over the years, which eventually leaves them unable to produce melanin. Studies have cited DNA damage and a buildup of hydrogen peroxide in the follicles as possible causes of this disruption in melanin production. Hair Damage Blow-drying, straightening, highlighting, and perming regularly can wreak havoc on hair, leaving it brittle, broken, and unmanageable. Split ends and dry hair are just two casualties of overstyling. Excessive styling and heat can cause split ends, which occur when the protective outermost layer of hair (the cuticle) is damaged and peels back. Some treatments for split ends include: Brush gently with a soft, flexible hairbrush; don't overbrush. DISEASES OF NAILS Paronychia - Infections of the nail fold can be caused by bacteria, fungi and some viruses. The proximal and lateral nail folds act as a barrier, or seal, between the nail plate and the surrounding tissue. If a tear or a break occurs in this seal, the bacterium can easily enter. this type of infection is characterized by pain, redness and swelling of the nail folds. People who have their hands in water for extended periods may develop this condition, and it is highly contagious. Pseudomonas - bacterial infection can occur between the natural nail plate and the nail bed, and/or between an artificial nail coating and the natural nail plate. Many people have been led to believe that the classic 'green' discoloration of this type of infection is some type of mold. In actuality, mold is not a human pathogen. The discoloration is simply a by-product of the infection and is caused primarily by iron compounds. Pseudomonas thrive in moist places; it feeds off the dead tissue and bacteria in the nail plate, while the moisture levels allow it to grow. The after effects of this infection will cause the nail plate to darken and soften underneath an artificial coating. A fungal or yeast infection which results in Onychomycosis, can invade through a tear in the proximal and lateral nail folds as well as the eponychium. This type of infection is characterized by onycholysis (nail plate separation) with evident debris under the nail plate. It normally appears white or yellowish in color, and may also change the texture and shape of the nail. The fungus digests the keratin protein of which the nail plate is comprised. As the infection progresses, organic debris accumulates under the nail plate often discoloring it. Other infectious organisms may be involved, and if left untreated, the nail plate may separate from the nail bed and crumble off. Tinea Unguis,or ringworm of the nails, is characterized by nail thickening, deformity, and eventually results in nail plate loss. Onychatrophiais an atrophy or wasting away of the nail plate which causes it to lose its luster, become smaller and sometimes shed entirely. Injury or disease may account for this irregularity. Onychogryposis are claw-type nails that are characterized by a thickened nail plate and are often the result of trauma. This type of nail plate will curve inward, pinching the nail bed and sometimes require surgical intervention to relieve the pain. Onychorrhexis are brittle nails which often split vertically, peel and/or have vertical ridges. This irregularity can be the result of heredity, the use of strong solvents in the workplace or the home, including household cleaning solutions. Although oil or paraffin treatments will re-hydrate the nail plate, one may wish to confer with a physician to rule out disease. Brittle Nails are characterized by a vertical splitting or separation of the nail plate layers at the distal (free) edge of the nail plate. In most cases, nail splitting and vertical ridges are characteristic of the natural aging process. This nail problem is also the result of overexposure to water and chemical solvents such as household cleaning solutions. As we age, the nail bed's natural flow of oils and moisture is greatly reduced. This oil and moisture is the cement that holds the nail plate layers together and gives the plate its inherent flexibility. At the first signs of splitting or peeling, re-hydrate the nail plate layers with a good quality cuticle and nail oil that contains Jojoba and Vitamin E as two of the botanical oils. Jojoba oil has a very tiny molecule which can penetrate the nail plate surface, open up the layers and draw the Vitamin E in after it. The molecular structure of Vitamin E is too large to penetrate the nail plate layers or the surface layer of the skin without the benefits of Jojoba oil. Parts Of Hair Parts of Nail NAILS -The flattened, horny type structures formed from the protein keratin made from epidermal tissue located at the end of each finger and each toe are called "finger nails" and "toe nails" respectively. Each nail is composed of a root, body and a free edge. The root is located and attached closest to the finger or the toe, with a nail fold overlaying the root. The body of the nail has a structure underneath it called the nail bed. The area that the nails are formed or grow out of are called the nail matrix. A lunula or sometimes referred to as the "moon" is the crescent shaped area at the base of the nail. It has a lighter colour than that of the nail matrix as it mixes with the matrix cells and the nail fold. Outward growth of the nails from the tip of the fingers and toes create a "free" edge as they are not attached. The condition: Onychomycosis or nail fungus is an organism that attacks and digests the keratin in the nails of the fingers and toes. The condition is both a fungus and a yeast infection. It can be destroyed by use of essential oils such as myrrh or oil of oregano; or probiotics, antibiotic and anti-fungal agents. Nails need to be well cared for and nourished just as the rest of the body. Start nail care from the inside, out. Parts of the Nail Nail Matrix - The matrix is the source of the cells that become the keratinized layers of the nail plate. It is located deep in the nail sinus. As new cells grow, it pushes out the nail plate replacing it with new keratin at the proximal part of the nail plate that lies adjacent to the matrix. Poor circulation, inadequate nutrition and localized or systemic diseases can affect the growth of the new cells to make up the nail plate. Nail Bed - The nail bed lies underneath most of the nail plate and is a continuation of the skin around the nail. It contributes to the keratin of the nail plate although it is to a lesser degree than the matrix. Blood in the dermal capillaries of the nail bed give the nail its characteristic light pink color. Nail Plate- This the largest part of the nail and is composed of laminated layers of keratin. It is similar in structure to human hair and skin and is made up of dead cells. -The proximal edge of the nail plate is the nail root which emanates from the nail sinus. It extends across the fingers and toes to protrude from the tip (depending on the length). This free end of the nail is also known as the distal edge, while the sides are known as the lateral edges. The nail plate is smooth and curved and light pink in color due to underlying dermal capillaries in the nail bed. Changes in the nail color may be linked to various diseases which are discussed under Discolored Nails.-At times, ridges, lines, changes in thickness and discoloration may arise as a result of disease. This is discussed further under Fingernail Ridges. Non-pathlogical changes of the nail plate, include : 1. longitudinal lines or ridges which occurs with age. 2. beading, which is the loss of the smooth curved surface of the nail plate, may normally occur with age although severe beading may be indicative of disease. 3. white dots, specks or lines on the nail plate (striae leukonychia) is a sign of airspaces within the nail plate and is not related to a calcium deficiency. Nail Folds 1. The nail folds surround and supports the nail plate on all 3 sides. It is the junction of the skin and nail plate and may sometimes be slightly darker in color thereby forming a clearly demarcated margin from the surrounding skin. 2. The proximal fold lies over the nail root and matrix. The lateral nail folds extend from the proximal folds and runs alongside the nail plate to terminate near the tip of the finger or toe. 3. The most distal part of the lateral nail fold is often prone to trauma from mechanical injury, nail biting and ingrown nails as well as bacterial and fungal infections. Inflammation and swelling of the folds is known as paronychia. Nail Cuticle 1. Also known as the eponychium, it is the part of the skin that overlaps onto the proximal part of the nail plate. It provides some, although minor, support for the nail plate but more importantly, the cuticle seals the nail sinus to prevent injury and infection of the nail root or matrix. 2. The cuticle is usually thin, translucent and extends a short distance over the lunula or nail bed. It has neat margins. Ragged cuticles or uneven cuticles may be the sign of excessive manicuring, poor nail care with overuse of the hands or it can be a sign of certain connective tissue diseases. Nail Lunula The white crescent–shaped area located at the base of fingernails and toenails is known as the lunula. Differences in the shape, form, or color of lunulae can be indicative of injury or a serious health issue, such as a deficiency, infection, or disease. Medical attention should be sought when persistent changes in lunulae, or nail moons, occur. The lunula is the only visible part of the nail matrix, or the living part of the fingernail, and appears white in color. A majority of the nail matrix is positioned underneath and behind the actual nail bed. Responsible for producing the protein keratin, which forms the nail plate, the nail matrix is vulnerable to injury. When the nail is injured, the nail matrix can become damaged, resulting in lunula discoloration and hindered nail growth.