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9/5/12 Chapter 2 Section 1 Mesopotamia Between Rivers Iraq today Mesopotamia 1 9/5/12 Mesopotamia w Tigris & Euphrates River Valley w Fertile Crescent w 25 miles to 250 miles apart w Flood rich soil for agriculture w Not predictable, 90 day window w Not isolated w Revolving door- conquering then being conquered. w No natural barriers for protection. w Natural resources are limited. (building material scarce) Mesopotamia w Problems solved through organization w Irrigation to control river and flooding w City walls are built. (no natural protection) w Traded crops with people for stone, wood and metal (natural resources) 2 9/5/12 Sumerian City States w 5 key characteristics of a civilization w (Ch 1) § Civilization = ! 1. Advanced cities! 2. Specialized workers! 3. Complex institutions! 4. Record keeping! 5. Advanced technology! § Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma,! § (map pg 30)! Sumerian Culture § Belief systems reflect civilization s triumph over its dry and harsh environment § Polytheism = belief in more then one god § Enlil = god of storms and air. § Fear angering the gods might strike fire, floods or enemy upon their city. § Built ziggurats for them and offered rich sacrifices of animals, food and wine. § Work hard to earn god s protection 3 9/5/12 Sumer - 3,000 BC w Architecture & Science w Arch - wheel, (60 seconds, 60 minutes, 360 degrees) w Temples = Ziggurats w Lunar calendar = added a month every few years Sumer - 3,000 BC w Social Classes w Kings, landholders, some priest (highest level) w Wealthy merchants w Workers (hands in fields and workshops) Majority w Slaves (buy freedom) w Women had more rights then later civilization (History is not kind to women) 4 9/5/12 Sumer - 3,000 BC w Arithmetic and geometry w City walls, buildings plan irrigation systems and survey flooded fields Sumerians required skills in math. w DEVELOPED A NUMBER SYSTEM IN BASE 60 w 60 seconds, 60 minutes, 360 degrees in a circle w Architectural innovations w Arch - columns, ramps and the pyramid shaped the designs of the ziggurat (wheel), w Temples = Ziggurats w Cuneiform = system of writing (Ch 1) w Lunar calendar = added a month every few years w Farmed dates, grains, w Education very important (mainly men) Chapter 2 Section 1 Empires of the Fertile Crescent 5 9/5/12 Akkadians • 2350 Conqueror named Sargon Conquered Sumerians • Came from Akkad (city to north) = Akkadians • Last about 200 years • Centered at Babylon • Created first empire • Spread culture even more Babylonians 2000 BC § Nomadic invaders known as amorites invade mesopotamia § SE part of Valley § Hammurabi § strong ruler§ political leader and lawmaker 6 9/5/12 Babylonians 1792-1750 BC § Hammurabi § strong ruler§ political leader and lawmaker § Lasting legacy is the code of laws he put together § “Code of Hammurabi” § 282 specific laws § “An Eye for an Eye” § Single uniform code of laws § Engraved in stone and copies place all over the kingdom Babylonians 1792-1750 BC § “Code of Hammurabi” § Code applied to everyone § Different punishments for rich and poor § Retaliation (eye for an eye) § Government/complex institutions had responsibility for what occurs in society! § Eventually other civilizations adopt these ideas (assyrians, phoenicians and Isrealites) 7 9/5/12 Other Conquerors § Hittites 1600 - 1200 BC § Invaded Mesopotamia and ended up in Egypt as well (Ch 2 pp.25) Other Conquerors § Hittites 1600 - 1200 BC § Invaded Mesopotamia and ended up in Egypt as well (Ch 2 pp.25) § Iron Age - Smelt Iron 8 9/5/12 Other Conquerors § Hittites 1600 - 1200 BC § Invaded Mesopotamia and ended up in Egypt as well (Ch 2 pp.25) § Iron Age - Smelt Iron § Invaded not conquered § Defeated but did not have complete control Other Conquerors § Assyrians 1300 BC on outskirts 900-650 BC moving in and controlling Came from Syria Fierce Warriors- not nice, vicious Violent, aggressive Used chariot - Wheel Introduced Cavalry (army on horses) Got from point A to point B faster than enemies 9 9/5/12 Other Conquerors § Assyrians 1300 BC on outskirts 900-650 BC moving in and controlling Came from Syria Fierce Warriors- not nice, vicious Violent, aggressive Used chariot - Wheel Introduced Cavalry (army on horses) Got from point A to point B faster than enemies 700 BC Captured and destroyed Babylon Nineveh - capital city, huge double wall (70 ft high, 7.5 miles) Library Tablets out of clay Epic of Gilgamish - one of the first pieces of literature Other Conquerors § Chaldeans - 612 BC § Also called Neo Babylonians § Nebuchadnezzer § Rebuild Babylon § One of his wives was from the mountain area so he built her a garden, called the “Hanging Gardens” **One of the Seven Wonders of the World 10 9/5/12 Persians 539 BC § First Great complete empire § Present day Iran § Army - 300,000 - big § Built roads - trade § Treated people well Persians 539 BC § § § § § § First Great complete empire Present day Iran Army - 300,000 - big Built roads - trade Treated people well Conquered Mesopotamia § Smart - used locals on their side § Created Uniform system of weights and measures § Alexander the Great defeated them 11 9/5/12 Persians 539 BC § Cyrus the Great #86 out of 100 § 10,000 immortals - job is to protect their leaders Persians 539 BC § Cyrus the Great #86 out of 100 § 10,000 immortals - job is to protect their leaders § Started longest reigning monarch § 539 bc-1979AD § Overthrown by religious group- religious revolution (American hostages) 12