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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present
China and governments in Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet bloc respond to
calls for democracy.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present
SECTION 1
Democracy
SECTION 2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
SECTION 3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
SECTION 4
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
SECTION 5
China: Reform and Reaction
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-1
Democracy
In Latin America, economic problems and authoritarian rule delay democracy.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-1
Democracy
Democracy As a Goal
Difficulties in Establishing Democracy
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Common practices include free elections and citizen participation
Also: majority rule, minority rights, constitutional government
Difficult to establish democracy—even in U.S., took many years
These practices need conditions in country to support them
Education and a stable economy help
So do individual rights, rule by law, sense of national identity
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Dictators and Democracy
Brazil’s Early History
• Brazil: monarchy in 1822, republic controlled by wealthy in 1889
• In 1930s, dictator suppresses opposition but builds economy
Kubitschek’s Ambitious Program
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Juscelino Kubitschek builds economy, new capital city—Brasília
His followers back reforms, but conservatives object to land reform
Land reform—breaking up huge estates into holdings for peasants
Wealthy Brazilians support takeover by military in 1964
Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Dictators Democracy {continued}
Military Dictators
• Military rules for two decades, building economy but cutting wages
• Standard of living—level of material comfort—declines
The Road to Democracy
• In 1980s, Brazil has recession—economic slowdown
• Civilian leaders elected but cannot fix economy
The 2002 Presidential Election
• New election in 2002 includes rivals with different economic views
• Luis Inácio Lula da Silva wins election; hopes to reclaim economy
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
One-Party Rule
{continued}
Beginnings of One-Party Domination
• In 1920s and 1930s, leaders build a party that dominates Mexico
• Lázaro Cárdenas rules 1934–1940, next presidents abandon his reforms
The Party Becomes the PRI
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In 1946, main party becomes PRI—Institutional Revolutionary Party
Party controls government; fraud, corruption mar elections
In 1968, students and workers protest, soldiers fire on crowd
Mexico depends on oil and gas income, suffers when prices fall
Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
One-Party Rule {continued}
Economic and Political Crises
• Opposition parties gain support, force reforms in 1988
• In 1994, rebels in southern Mexico state of Chiapas stage uprising
The PRI Loses Control
• Other parties gain many seats in Congress
• Center-right candidate Vicente Fox wins presidency in 2000
New Policies and Programs
• As new president, Fox has many ambitious goals
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Political and Economic Disorder
Perón Rules Argentina
• In 1946, Juan Perón becomes dictator in Argentina; ousted in 1955
Repression in Argentina
• Military rules into 1970s, but country develops many problems
• Government moves harshly against opposition, killing many people
Democracy and the Economy
• Government disgraced after losing Falklands war in 1982
• Civilians elected to lead, but cannot solve economic problems
Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Political and Economic Disorder {continued}
A Growing Crisis
• Economic problems continue with high debt, unemployment
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts
can hinder democracy.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
Colonial Rule Limits Democracy
European Policies Cause Problems
• Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural divisions
• As a result, national identity is slow to develop in Africa
• Colonial rule produces economic problems
• Colonial rule also disrupts family, community life
Short-Lived Democracies
• Post-independence governments fragile, vulnerable to military coups
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Civil War in Nigeria
A Land of Many Peoples
• Nigeria has people from three ethnic groups, each with own state
• Country adopts federal system—state, central governments share power
War with Biafra
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In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting
Military imposes martial law—temporary military rule—in 1966
In 1967, eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new country of Biafra
War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated, Nigeria reunited
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Nigeria’s Nation-Building
Federal Government Restored
• In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable federal system
A Return to Civilian Rule
• General Sani Abacha overturns election results of 1993, takes power
• He punishes dissidents—government opponents
• In 1999, civilian government finally gains power
President Obasanjo
• Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by ending corruption
• Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigeria’s debt to rebuild country
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
South Africa Under Apartheid
Minority Rule
• South Africa gains independence in 1931; white minority rules
Apartheid Segregates Society
• In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid—separation of races
• Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for blacks in 1959
Blacks Protest
• In 1912, blacks form African National Congress (ANC) to protest
• Nelson Mandela—ANC leader imprisoned for 27 years
• Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes resulting in violence
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Struggle for Democracy
Pressure for Change
• Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic
• pressure on government
• He asks other countries not to trade with South Africa
The First Steps
• In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees Mandela from prison
• Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to blacks
• De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be held in 1994
Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Struggle for Democracy {continued}
Majority Rule
• In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament; Mandela elected president
A New Constitution
• In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights to all
South Africa Today
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In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected president
He faces challenges: high crime, unemployment, rampant poverty
He hopes to increase trade with other countries
Major problem facing South Africa is high number of people with AIDS
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
Problems Develop
• Politburo—ruling committee of Communist Party; rules USSR harshly
• Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule briefly
A Younger Leader
• Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984
• Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new policies
Glasnost Promotes Openness
• To achieve economic reforms, he needs open dialogue in society
• Promotes new policy of glasnost—openness; dissent allowed
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Reforming the Economy and Politics
Economic Restructuring
• People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev blames old system
• In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of economic restructuring
• Hopes to make economy more efficient, productive
Democratization Opens the Political System
• In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy
• Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new legislature
Foreign Policy
• Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil
Ethnic Revolts
• Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but reforms lead to collapse
• Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different republics
Lithuania Defies Gorbachev
• In 1990, Lithuania declares independence
• Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics, sends troops
Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev
• Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against Communist old guard
• Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and Yeltsin
Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil {continued}
The August Coup
• In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of government again
• Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against this move
• Army refuses to attack protesters and coup collapses
End of the Soviet Union
• Government takes actions to punish Communist Party for the coup
• Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev cannot stop them
• Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of Independent States
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Russia Under Boris Yeltsin
Yeltsin Faces Problems
• Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy
• Tries “shock therapy”—quick transition to free market system
• New policies bring economic chaos and hardship, political troubles
Chechnya Rebels
• In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from Russia
• Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing unrest at home
• As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor of Vladimir Putin
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Russia Under Vladimir Putin
Troubles Continue in Chechnya
• Fighting drags on in Chechnya
• In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in Moscow, many die
Economic, Political, and Social Problems
• Economic problems continue, leading to unstable politics
• Social problems include homelessness, unemployment
• Declines in population, standard of living, average life expectancy
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-4
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
Changes in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-4
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
Poland and Hungary Reform
The Rise of Solidarity
• Workers strike to win recognition of Solidarity—Polish labor union
• Lech Walesa—leader of union—becomes national hero
Solidarity Defeats Communists
• Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot solve economic woes
• In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of Solidarity
• Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president of Poland
Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Poland and Hungary Reform {continued}
Poland Votes Out Walesa
• Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly
• Though some progress made, many Poles unhappy; Walesa voted out
Poland Under Kwasniewski
• Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in 1995
• Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong market economy
Hungarian Communists Disband
• In 1990, voters elect non-Communist government in Hungary
• Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Germany Reunifies
Resistance to Change
• East Germany’s leader resists reforms as in Poland, Hungary
• Thousands of East Germans escape through Hungary to Austria
Fall of the Berlin Wall
• East Germany closes its borders, sparking massive protests
• In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin Wall
• By end of year, Communist government there has collapsed
Continued…
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Germany Reunifies {continued}
Reunification
• Reunification—merging of the two Germanys—achieved in 1990
Germany’s Challenges
• East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding
• This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl to raise taxes
A New Chancellor
• In 1998, Kohl voted out of office
• New leader—Gerhard Schroeder—has difficulty reviving economy
• Germany becomes more active in world affairs after reunifying
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia Reforms
• In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests, demands democracy
• Tough government crackdown sparks more protests
• By late 1989, Communists are gone; Václav Havel elected president
Czechoslovakia Breaks Up
• Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern part of country
• In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate countries
• Both economies grow—slow in Czech Republic; faster in Slovakia
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Overthrow in Romania
The Romanian Economy
• Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s; economy lags
• Much of economy still owned by government, not in private hands
• But Government begins moving toward market economy
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
The Breakup of Yugoslavia
Ethnic Problems
• Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of 6 republics
A Bloody Breakup
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Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on whole country
Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win independence
In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence; war breaks out
Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid of Bosnian Muslims
In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
The Breakup of Yugoslavia {continued}
Rebellion in Kosovo
• In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province of ethnic Albanians
• Serbian army invades to put down Albanian rebels with harsh force
• In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to withdraw
The Region Faces Its Problems
• Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes trials
• Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may separate in future
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-5
China: Reform and Reaction
In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with
capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Section-5
China: Reform and Reaction
The Legacy of Mao
Problems of Mao’s Rule
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Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but cannot
Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent economic growth
He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive Communist spirit
Its excesses turn many people against communism
Zhou Enlai—leader in early 1970s—pursues moderate policies
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
China and the West
China Opened Its Doors
• Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest of world
• In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations
Economic Reform
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In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of Communist Party
Deng Xiaoping—becomes leader of China by 1980
Four Modernizations—Deng’s plan for economic progress
This policy reverses strict Communist policies long backed by Mao
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Massacre in Tiananmen Square
Unforeseen Problems
• Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of Communist leaders
• Western political ideas enter China, encouraging democracy
Students Demand Democracy
• In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square—public area in Beijing
Deng Orders a Crackdown
• Deng orders army to surround square, attack protesters
• Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded
• Government begins large-scale campaign to end dissent
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
China Enters the New Millennium
China Under Jiang
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In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power
Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s reforms
In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji
Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms
Transfer of Hong Kong
• Hong Kong—former British colony, city in China, major economic power
• In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
China Beyond 2000
Economics and Politics
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Economic reforms reduce poverty in China
Though many countries have economic problems, China’s economy grows
Many in China want political reforms
China is becoming more involved with other countries
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World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
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Chapter 35
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