Download The three types of plate movements

Earth
quake
s
By: 3 Students
Table of
Contents
Chapter 1: What causes
earthquakes?
Chapter 2: How often and
why do earthquakes occur in
California?
Chapter 3: What needs to be done to
prepare for earthquakes and how can
you stay safe during one?
References
Chapter
1
T
h
e
three types of
plate movements
Divergent boundaries are
where the new crust is generated
as the plates pull away from each
other. Convergent boundaries are
where the crust is destroyed as
one plate dives under another.
Transform boundaries are where
the crust is neither produced nor
destroyed as the plates slide
horizontally past each other.
Thickness and
movement of the
plates
The plates in the midAtlantic Ridge movement has
an averaged of 2.5 centimeters
per year. The movement of the
plates is mostly found at
speeds of 0.95 to 8.55
centimeters per year. The
continental plate thickness
range is of 30-70 km. Also the
ocean plate thickness is in a
range from 10-30.
The Three
Layers
The mantle is made of a
l
i
q
u
i
d
t
h
a
t
f
l
o
w
s with the consistence of asphalt.
The mantle is the layer located
directly under the sima. It is the
largest layer of the Earth, 1800
miles thick.
The mantle is composed of very
hot, dense rock. The temperature
of the mantle varies from 1600
degrees Fahrenheit at the top to
about 4000 degrees Fahrenheit
near the bottom. The outer core is
made of iron and nickel in the
liquid state. The outer core is
located about 1800 miles beneath
the crust and is about 1400 miles
thick. The inner core is made of
iron and nickel in the solid state.
The inner core begins about 4000
miles beneath the crust and is
about 800 miles thick. The
temperatures may reach 9000
degrees F. and the pressures are
45,000,000 pounds per square
inch. This is 3,000,000 times the
air pressure on you at sea level.
The ring of
fire
The Ring of Fire is a zone of
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions that is in basin of the
Pacific Ocean. It is shaped like
a horseshoe and it is 40,000 km
long. It is associated with a
nearly continuous series of
oceanic trenches, island arcs,
and volcanic mountain ranges
and/or plate movements. 90%
of the world's earthquakes and
81% of the world's largest
earthquakes occur along the
Ring of Fire.
Chapter
Two
Where do most of
the earthquakes in
California occur?
The place where most of earthquakes
occur in California is “The Geysers”. There
are lots of fault lines around it and that
causes it to have a lot of earthquakes in that
area. A fault is a crack in the continuing of
a rock formation caused by a shifting or
moving of the earth's crust, in which
adjacent surfaces are displaced relative to
one another and parallel to the plane of
fracture. One of the fault lines for example
that runs through California is called the
San Andreas Fault. The origin of the name
of it is often cited as the San Andreas Lake.
However, based on some 1895 and 1908
reports by a geologist named A.C. Lawson,
who named the fault, the name was actually
taken from the San Andreas Valley. He
probably didn’t realize at the time that the
fault ran almost the entire length of
California. “The Geysers” is north of Santa
Rosa and southwest of Chico this picture
should explain where it is a little better (the
green arrow is “The Geysers”)This picture is “The Geysers” area with fault
names and earthquakes
Why do they take place
in these areas?
This is an example of the
measurement of magnitude
Each year there are about 10,000
earthquakes in California and “The
Geysers” is where they most happen. This
is because there are so many faults
surrounding that area. Although “The
Geysers” is where the most earthquakes
occur in one spot, there are many other
earthquakes that appear all around
California. For example, the other parts
where earthquakes take place in California
is in the south and the coastline, the
earthquakes in these areas are very
consistent. These earthquakes aren’t usually
that bad though, most of the time they’re
measured in magnitude and the magnitude
of the earthquake is the value of its size.
For example, the map above has its
earthquakes measured in magnitude,
scientists also measured the biggest
earthquake in magnitude, its magnitude was
9.5 out of 10 and happened in 1960, May
22nd. The earthquakes are colored by the
amount of time ago they happened, as you
can see with the map above, red has
happened in the last hour, blue has
happened in the last day, and yellow has
happened in the last week.
This is a diagram of a fault>
Where earthquakes
happen in California
This is a diagram of a seiche
Unlike Florida and North Dakota,
California has a lot of earthquakes. They
have so many earthquakes because there are
so many faults in the California area, there
are actually many faults in the U.S., in fact,
in 1663, the first European settlers
experienced their first earthquake in
America. Since there are a lot of
earthquakes, there are also many seiches,
(pronounced saysh) these are the sloshing
of water against the solid surface of
something like in a pool or on the shore of
an ocean. Although there are many
earthquakes in California, that doesn’t
mean they’re deadly, in fact, most
earthquakes happen 50 miles below the
Earth’s surface. The deadliest earthquake
happened in 1556 in central China and
killed 830,000 people; China also is where
the earliest recorded earthquake took place.
So just because California is the place
where most of the earthquakes
in the U.S. are, doesn’t mean it has the most
in the world.
This is a diagram of an earthquake
Chapter 3
How to prepare
To prepare for an
earthquake,
or any natural disaster you should
keep
three things in mind. The first
thing is,
make an evacuation plan. If
there was an earthquake and you
are no prepared, there is pretty
good chance that you would not
know what to do and do the
wrong thing. The second thing is
keep a phone number of a friend
that lives out of your state close to
you. This phone number is
important because if something
was to happen to your house and
you needed somewhere to stay,
they could probably help. The
third thing is make sure you know
where your emergency supplies
are located. Your emergency
supplies are very important
because, if it was not safe to come
out from hiding, it would be good
to have some food or water to
keep you hydrated.
Is your house prepared for an
earthquake?
Well, you may not know but here
are a
few things to check. Do you have
inadequate
foundations, cripple walls, or a
soft first floor?
Do you have an unreinforced
masonry, or
vulnerable pipes? These are all
signs of an
unstable house. It’s good to have
those things
checked because earthquakes can
happen anywhere, anytime.
Making a Kit
H
a
v
i
n
g
a
n
e
mergency kit is very important.
You should have three emergency
kits. One in your house, one in
your car, and one at work. It is
important to have three different
ones because there can be an
earthquake at any given time.
Your emergency kits should
include: food, water, flashlights,
portable radio(s), batteries, First
aid supplies, money, extra
medications, a whistle and a fire
extinguisher. Some of these
things seem like a wacky thing to
pack but, for example, a whistle is
a very handy thing to have. The
reason a whistle is so handy is
because if you were in a different
room than your family or you got
split during an earthquake, you
could blow the whistle so that
your family could track where
you were. A portable radio also
sounds like a wacky thing to have
in your emergency kit. But, if the
earthquake suddenly stops, the
radio
may report if you are safe to get
out from hiding.
W
h
a
t
a
re the dangers?
Earthquakes can be very
little, but they can always cause
something. A common danger is a
tsunami. If you didn’t know, a
tsunami is a water wave that is
caused by sudden movement of a
large area underwater during an
underwater earthquake. Tsunamis
can cause major damage because
the waves that are caused can get
very big. Usually, tsunamis
happen without warning and do
not give you much time to
evacuate.
References
http://quake.usgs.gov/recenteqs/latest.ht
m
http://www.crustal.ucsb.edu/scec/webqua
kes/
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/4kids/
index.gif.[www],http://earthquake.usgs.g
ov/eqcenter/recenteqsus/index.gif
pic5.jpgfacts_pic5.jpg.[www],
http://www.bookofmormongeography.ne
t/images/facts_pic5.jpgfacts_pic5.jpg
http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=
An+earthquake+fault&gbv=2&ie=UTF8&sa=N&tab=il
FAULT.GIF.[www],http://earthquake.us
gs.gov/learning/glossary.php?term=fault
FAULT.GIF
glossary.php?.[www],http://earthquake.u
sgs.gov/learning/glossary.php?
quakeicon.jpgquakeicon.jpg.[www],http:
//www.newbaybridge.org/classroom/imag
es/quakeicon.jpgquakeicon.jpg
seichemode1c.jpgseichemode1c.
jpg.[www],http://www.islandnet
.com/~see/weather/graphics/wx
drphotos/seichemode1c.jpgseich
emode1c.jpg
.
earth.jpg. [www],
http://www.uvm.edu/~inquiryb/
webquest/fa05/lkenney/earth.jp
g
rof.gif. [www],
http://www.crystalinks.com/rof.
gif
tectonicplate.png. [www],
http://www.crystalinks.com/tect
onicplate.png
topo.jpg. [www],
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/stru
cture/crust/images/topo.jpg
hurricane4.gif .[www],
http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/images/hurrican
e4.gif
tsunami.JPG. [www],
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/lifestyle/general/images/tsunam
i.JPG